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1、2023年海南职称英语考试考前冲刺卷（1）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Our public transportation is not (sufficient) for the need of the people in our major cities.AadditionalBefficientCexcessiveDadequate 2.There was a (number) of children on the playground.AclassBgreat cro
2、wdCsmall groupDline 3.For children, playing is an automatic and integrate (component) of growing up.AdecisionBreminderCpartDrestriction 4.It is necessary to make a(n) (abstract) while writing a report.AsummaryBanalysisCdiscussionDindex 5.Some insects rely on the tiny hairs scattered over their bodie
3、s to (sense) sound waves.AconvertBdisguiseCsendDdetect 6.Please (check) your bill before you leave the shop and make sure that it is correct.Apay offBgo overClook upDfind out 7.Being colleagues for ten years, they have become (intimate) friends.AcloseBnewCkindDclosely 8.Helen will leave (immediately
4、).Afar awayBright awayCright hereDsoon 9.A seismograph is a (device) designed to measure vibrations of the ground.AelementBtelescopeCvehicleDinstrument 10.Through a procedure known as time-sharing, one large computer can be employed (simultaneously) by lots of small users.Aahead of timeBall the time
5、Cat the same timeDin time 11.I (spotted) my father in the crowd.ArecognizedBrecalledCreceivedDrecorded 12.Her voice is distinct and (unique). You can tell her voice immediately.AcommonBspeciesCspecificDspecial 13.The Attitude For Computers As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies p
6、reaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience,
7、follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations. Computers imitate life. As computers get more complete, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or
8、so, we will see the computer as a new form of life. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computers brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment f
9、or survival. Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting
10、 on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up. We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years sinc
11、e 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise
12、out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the species must be mans flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.Dr. Samuel Johson disapproved of ladi
13、es to preach.ARightBWrongCNot Mentioned 14.Vegetarianism A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty to getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have eve
14、r been without meat or animal foods for some days of weeks(say, religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal. Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements cal
15、led amino-acids, which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological po
16、int of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism. The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consis
17、tent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day. Whether or not v
18、egetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources. A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and m
19、ilk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and i
20、n particular the water-solube vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking.A vegetarian is a person who_.Aeats the meat of animals onlyBeats the vegetable onlyCdrinks milk onlyDeat nothing at all 15.Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently Male pilots flying general aviation(private)aircr
21、aft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision, making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study id
22、entifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers,
23、 exceeds that of crashes of female pilots, explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. Because pilot youth and inexperience are established, contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gend
24、er differences in the reasons for the crash. The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male
25、 pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gende
26、r. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots crashes and 36 percent of males. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among
27、 the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among f
28、emales(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect.
29、 Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.inattention /n.疏忽aviation /n. 航空flawed /adj.有缺陷的mishandle /v. 瞎弄，乱处理MPH ( Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士gender /n.性，性别run out 耗尽，用完stall v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火kinetics /n.
30、 动力学What is the research at Johns Hopkins University aboutACauses of aircraft crash.BGender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes.CCauses of mishandling aircraft.DGender discrimination in general aviation in the United States. 16.More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Althoug
31、h the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and st
32、aying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported i
33、n the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that it might be a good idea for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but
34、 cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleepfor instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people wh
35、o sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early i
36、n the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted
37、 that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they11 spend a higher percentage of time aw
38、ake, he said.A. Keprikes research toolB. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleepC. Criticism on Kripkes reportD. A way of overcoming insomniaE. Sleep problems of long and short sleepersParagraph 2 17.Suburb If suburb is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior
39、, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city, in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small, highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot, and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories
40、, built in the 1830s and 1840s, were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses around the o
41、lder, main cities. As a defence against this encroachment, and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854 for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed,
42、 most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth come acute, urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first co
43、mmercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed me
44、tropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban middle class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developing of single-family housing tracts.Which of the following is t
45、he best title for the textAThe Growth of Philadelphia.BThe Origin of the Suburb.CThe Development of City Transportation.DThe Rise of the Urban Middle Class. 18.Body Cells People are the most complex of all organisms._(46). The specialized cells of the body depend upon each other for such things as n
46、ourishment and the removal of the waste matter._(47). Or if the excreting cells did not take away poisonous waste, the cells of the body would be poisoned and die. Under a microscope, a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it._(48 ). In every cell there is a part like a little
47、 ball. This is the nucleus, which organizes the work of the cell. Though cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago, it is only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work of the nucleus has developed._ (49). All cells reproduce their own kind and grow. In performing their work, cells become tired, worn-out and die. If the tissue of the organ is to maintain its health, new cells are required to replace the old ones. The healthy cells accomplish this by splitting their bodies so that one cell becomes two cells and the two cells