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1、2023年江苏考研英语考试真题卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Text 3After decades of exile from US courts, the science of lie detection is gaining new acceptance. But the federal government wants to put a stop to it, and the US Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a
2、 request from the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts.Uncertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device called polygraph. In 1991, President George Bush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the
3、US Court of Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants’ rights to present evidence of their innocence.In the past two years, some federal courts have also ruled ’that polygraph evidence can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal j
4、udges more discretion to decide on the admissibility of evidence.A polygraph consists of monitors for pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to uncover lies by recording increases in these measures as the subject answers questions.Critics have always argued that cunning defe
5、ndants can control their physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the technique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A psychologist named Charles Honts at a state university in Idaho, points to laboratory studies, some of them being his own, in which s
6、tudent-subjects were offered cash to sway the test results.This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe, a psychologist at a Boston university. There is a huge difference between students in a lab and a defendant, he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come t
7、o believe them to be true.Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is invalid. It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the truth. But he says that for some people lies are trivial, while certain truths can be hard to swallow.David Faigman of the University of C
8、alifornia says that if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow polygraph evidence, polygraph bans would be overturned in federal courts across US. That will put a big burden on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts, he
9、predicts. The justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials.Why has President Bushs ban on lie detector evidence in military courts in 1991 been overturned（）ABecause lie detection is surrounded by uncertaintiesBBecause it restricts the defendants' rights to prove th
10、at they are innocentCBecause 12 states also allow lie detection evidence to be heard in courtsDBecause federal judges from the Supreme Court make their decisions on the basis of lie detection evidence2.Text 3After decades of exile from US courts, the science of lie detection is gaining new acceptanc
11、e. But the federal government wants to put a stop to it, and the US Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a request from the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts.Uncertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device called polygraph. In 1991, Preside
12、nt George Bush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the US Court of Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants’ rights to present evidence of their innocence.In the past two years, some federal courts have also ruled ’
13、that polygraph evidence can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal judges more discretion to decide on the admissibility of evidence.A polygraph consists of monitors for pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to uncover lies by recor
14、ding increases in these measures as the subject answers questions.Critics have always argued that cunning defendants can control their physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the technique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A psychologist named Char
15、les Honts at a state university in Idaho, points to laboratory studies, some of them being his own, in which student-subjects were offered cash to sway the test results.This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe, a psychologist at a Boston university. There is a huge difference between students in a
16、lab and a defendant, he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come to believe them to be true.Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is invalid. It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the truth. But he says that for
17、some people lies are trivial, while certain truths can be hard to swallow.David Faigman of the University of California says that if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow polygraph evidence, polygraph bans would be overturned in federal courts across US. That will pu
18、t a big burden on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts, he predicts. The justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials.According to the passage, which organizations raised the proposal to stop the practice of lie detect
19、ion evidence in military court（）AFederal GovernmentBUS Supreme CourtCDepartment of JusticeDMilitary Courts3.Text 4Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirte
20、enth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering
21、, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seri9usly affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the inf
22、ant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage
23、 has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple
24、 words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to five words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his, language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant i
25、s born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern toy bear. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to
26、pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s ba
27、bbling (咿呀声), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of la
28、nguage.Frederick IIs experiment was（）Ato prove that children are born with the ability to speakBto discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speechCto find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakDto prove that a child could be damaged without
29、learning a language4.Text 4Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he hea
30、rd no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seri9usly affected.
31、Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods ar
32、e neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a
33、 constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three
34、to five words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his, language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared wi
35、th that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern toy bear. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to comb
36、ine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀声), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother t
37、o these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.The most probable reason for some children backward in speaking is（）Athey are in
38、capable of learning language rapidlyBthey are exposed to too much language at onceCtheir mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakDtheir mothers are not intelligent enough to help them5.Text 4Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life
39、can be starved and damaged Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was
40、more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seri9usly affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking
41、. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to
42、 sing and to fly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ At
43、twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to five words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his, language differs fro
44、m that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with
45、 the sound pattern toy bear. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction betwe
46、en the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling (咿呀声), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitiv
47、ity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.What is incredible about a child is that（）Ahe is born with the capacity to speakBhe has a brain mole complex than an animal'sChe can produce his own sentencesDhe owes his speech ability to good nur
48、sing6.Text 4Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother to
49、ngue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seri9usly affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of t