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1、2023年山东公共英语考试模拟卷（2）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.BText 2/B Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats，beds，baths，marriages，and funeralsAt one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every househol
2、d with six or more windowsAnd according to legend，there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjectsWhy To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth! Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burdenAnyone who pays a tax is said to“bear the burden”of the taxT
3、he burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on othersThat is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxesThis spreads the burden of taxes among more peopleFrom the standpoint of their use，the most important taxes are income taxes，property taxes，sale
4、s taxes，and estate，inheritance，and gift taxesSome are used by only one level of government；others by two or even all three levelsTogether these different taxes make up what is called our tax system Income taxes are the main source of federal revenuesThe federal government gets more than three-fourth
5、s of its revenue from income taxesAs its name indicated，an income tax is a tax on earningsBoth individuals and business corporations pay a federal income tax The oldest tax in the United States today is the property taxIt provides most of the income for local governmentsIt provides at least a part o
6、f the income for all but a few statesIt is not used by the federal government A sales tax is a tax levied on purchasesMost people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four statesActually there are several kinds of sales taxes，but only three of them are im
7、portantThey are general sales taxes，excise taxes，and import taxes Other three closely related taxes are estate，inheritance，and gift taxesEverything a person owns，including both real and personal property，makes up his or her estateWhen someone dies，ownership of his or her property or estate passes on
8、 to one or more individuals or organizationsBefore the property is transferred，however，it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount The reason that the Turkish ruler collected a dining tax is to pay for_ Athe inconvenience for him to put on and take off clothesBthe damage tha
9、t eating did to his teethChis efforts to cut the food into piecesDthe decay of his teeth because of sugar 2.BText 3/B World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992The heads of state were supposed
10、to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earths life-support systemsIn fact，this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth SummitTo wit：empty promises，hollow rhetoric，bickering between rich and poor，and irrelevant initiativesThink U.S. Congress in slow motion Almo
11、st obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five yearsreal changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately，and inver
12、sely，linkedAlmost none of this，however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio Or it didnt accomplishOne item on the agenda at Rio，for example，was a renewed effort to save tropical forests(A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actu
13、ally hastened deforestation)After Rio，a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhereOne proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the clim
14、ate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worseBlocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits，the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levelsSeveral years later，its as if Rio had never happenedA new climate treaty is schedul
15、ed to be signed this December in Kyoto，Japan，but governments still cannot agree on these limitsMeanwhile，the U.S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990，and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharplyNo one would confuse the“Rio process”with progress While governments have dithe
16、red at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient，people have actedBirth-rates are dropping faster than expected，not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family sizeAnother positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the p
17、oorFrom slum dwellers in Karachi，Pakistan，to colonists in Rondonia，Brazil，urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestationThere is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-t
18、erm interest to fight environmental reformsJohn Browne，chief executive of British Petroleum，boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored The writers general attitude towards the world leaders meeting at the UN is_ AsupportiveBimpartialCcritica
19、lDcomedic 3.BPart A/B Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A，B，C or DMark your answers on BANSWER SHEET 1/B BText 1/B Opinion polls are now beginning to show that，whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on，high unemployment is probably here to
20、stayThis means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely But we need to go furtherWe must ask some primary questions about the future of workWould we continue to treat employment as the norm Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to
21、work Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves，rather than for an employer Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood，as well as the factory and the office，as centers of production and work The industrial age has been the only period of human hist
22、ory in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobsThe industrial age may now be coming to an end，and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversedThis seems a daunting thoughtBut，in fact，it could provide the prospect of a better future for workUniversal employm
23、ent，as its history shows，has not meant economic freedom Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land，and thus of the means to provide a living for themselvesThen the factory system des
24、troyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homesLater，as transportation improved，first by rail and then by road，people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until，eventually，many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they liv
25、ed Meanwhile，employment put women at a disadvantageIn pre-industrial time，men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village communityNow it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment，leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wifeTax and benefit
26、regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes It was not only women whose work status sufferedAs employment became the dominant form of work，young people and old people were excludeda problem now，as more teenagers become frustrated at sch
27、ool and more retired people want to live active lives All this may now have to changeThe time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all，to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs Research carr
28、ied out in the recent opinion polls shows that_ Aavailable employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the populationBnew jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figuresCavailable employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployedDthe nowaday high unemplo
29、yment figures are a truth of life 4.What are the shopping goods that are basically considered the sameAThose that satisfy similar needs of the consumerBThose that consumers dont care where to buyCThose that consumers spend much time looking forDThose that Can be found everywhere 5.Which of the follo
30、wing Can be called as a“lame duck”AA disabled little childBA hard-working farmerCA politician who has to come to the end of his powerDAn absent-minded old professor 6. You will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A，B，C or DYou will hear the recording BONLY ONC
31、E/B what does he like about his jobAMoneyBFreedomCKnowing different peopleDTraveling a lot 7.BText 2/B Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats，beds，baths，marriages，and funeralsAt one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household
32、with six or more windowsAnd according to legend，there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjectsWhy To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth! Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burdenAnyone who pays a tax is said to“bear the burden”of the taxThe
33、 burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on othersThat is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxesThis spreads the burden of taxes among more peopleFrom the standpoint of their use，the most important taxes are income taxes，property taxes，sales
34、taxes，and estate，inheritance，and gift taxesSome are used by only one level of government；others by two or even all three levelsTogether these different taxes make up what is called our tax system Income taxes are the main source of federal revenuesThe federal government gets more than three-fourths
35、of its revenue from income taxesAs its name indicated，an income tax is a tax on earningsBoth individuals and business corporations pay a federal income tax The oldest tax in the United States today is the property taxIt provides most of the income for local governmentsIt provides at least a part of
36、the income for all but a few statesIt is not used by the federal government A sales tax is a tax levied on purchasesMost people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four statesActually there are several kinds of sales taxes，but only three of them are impo
37、rtantThey are general sales taxes，excise taxes，and import taxes Other three closely related taxes are estate，inheritance，and gift taxesEverything a person owns，including both real and personal property，makes up his or her estateWhen someone dies，ownership of his or her property or estate passes on t
38、o one or more individuals or organizationsBefore the property is transferred，however，it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount The government levies different kinds of taxes so that_ Athe rich have to pay more and the poor lessBa wider range of taxpayers can be includedCea
39、ch of three levels of government could get tax moneyDthe burden of taxes falls evenly on everybody 8.BPart A/B Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A，B，C or DMark your answers on BANSWER SHEET 1/B BText 1/B Opinion polls are now beginning to show that，wh
40、oever is to blame and whatever happens from now on，high unemployment is probably here to stayThis means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely But we need to go furtherWe must ask some primary questions about the future of workWould we continue to treat employment
41、 as the norm Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves，rather than for an employer Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood，as well as the factory and the office，as
42、 centers of production and work The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobsThe industrial age may now be coming to an end，and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversedThis seems a daunting thou
43、ghtBut，in fact，it could provide the prospect of a better future for workUniversal employment，as its history shows，has not meant economic freedom Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the
44、 land，and thus of the means to provide a living for themselvesThen the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homesLater，as transportation improved，first by rail and then by road，people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until，eventually，ma
45、ny peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived Meanwhile，employment put women at a disadvantageIn pre-industrial time，men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village communityNow it became customary for the husband to go out to p
46、aid employment，leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wifeTax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes It was not only women whose work status sufferedAs employment became the dominant form of work，young pe
47、ople and old people were excludeda problem now，as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives All this may now have to changeThe time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all，to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that_ Auniversal employment virtually guaranteed prosper