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1、上海牛津高二第二学上海牛津高二第二学期期unit2-grammarGrammarLaughter heals1.恶作剧恶作剧2.视视为为3.开玩笑开玩笑4.使他感到谦虚使他感到谦虚5.把帽子挂在钉子上把帽子挂在钉子上6.走到他桌边走到他桌边7.颠倒过程颠倒过程8.离开回家离开回家9.用用换换10.掉到眼睛上方掉到眼睛上方 a practical joke regard as play a joke on make him feel humble hang ones hat on a peg proceed to his desk reverse the process depart for h
2、ome exchange for drop down over ones eyes Revision11.狂笑狂笑12.让大家吃惊的是让大家吃惊的是13.出现出现14.在它正常的位置在它正常的位置15.对对困惑困惑16.减少直径减少直径17.像往常一样像往常一样18.隔天交替隔天交替19.最后最后20.每天换型号每天换型号roar with laughter to everyones surprise turn up in its normal position be puzzled by reduce its diameter as usual on alternate days in th
3、e end change size from day to day Noun clauses used in appositionMrs.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers.Mrs.SmithTom-同位语同位语The impression that Mr.Potts regarded his colleagues as inferiors made him unpopular.In the end,the belief that an illness was
4、making his head change size from day to day led Mr.Potts to go to a doctor.同位语从句同位语从句1.Noun clauses are clauses that act in the same way as nouns in a sentence.They usually begin with that.The noun clause in apposition gives more information about the noun.announcement conclusion possibility evidenc
5、e decision warning opinion rumour feeling chance belief news wish idea fact从句在句中作从句在句中作主语或宾语主语或宾语的同位语，是对句的同位语，是对句子主语或宾语的子主语或宾语的解释、说明解释、说明。1.We heard the news that our team had won.2.The fact that the transport of the goods costs too much was not discussed.3.Sydney kept his promise that he would alwa
6、ys do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.连接词连接词that引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句that在从句中不充当成分在从句中不充当成分,只起连接作用，只起连接作用，不能省略不能省略He told me the news that he would come home from abroad soon.他告诉我一个消息他告诉我一个消息,他马上要从国外回国。他马上要从国外回国。There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down.2.Noun claus
7、es in apposition can also be introduced by a question word such as whether,what,who,which,where,when and how.idea clue question decision impression information wh-,how等引导的同位语从句等引导的同位语从句I have no idea when he will be back.how he can get the treasure.where the concert will be held.who can finish the w
8、ork.why it happened.which pen is mine.what we should do next.whom they are talking about.whether itll rain tomorrow.只用只用whether引导引导,不用不用if这个问题是否正确还未被证实。这个问题是否正确还未被证实。The problem _ it is right hasnt been proved.连接词连接词whether引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句whether连接词代词连接词代词what/who/which引引导的同位语从句导的同位语从句1.谁会出国这个问题还未决定
9、。谁会出国这个问题还未决定。2.我不知道该选哪个。我不知道该选哪个。1.The question _ should go abroad hasnt been decided yet.2.I have no idea _ one I should choose.whichwho在从句中充当成分在从句中充当成分连接词副词连接词副词when/where/why/how 引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句 1.我了解他们为什么离开得那么早。我了解他们为什么离开得那么早。2.我们还没决定好去哪儿。我们还没决定好去哪儿。1.Ive got a good idea _ they left early.2.Th
10、e question _ we should go has not been decided.whywhere在从句中充当成分在从句中充当成分在表示在表示“建议、命令、要求建议、命令、要求”的名词的名词recommendation,suggestion,proposal,demand,order,requirement,request,desire,command等后的等后的that同位语从句同位语从句要用虚拟语气要用虚拟语气(should)+动词原形。动词原形。The teacher conveyed the students recommendation that George(shoul
11、d)be appointed monitor.The order came that we(should)start at once.NoteCombine the following pairs of sentences,using the words in brackets.Someone said it would snow in July.This made him laugh.The idea that.The idea that it would snow in July made him laugh.同位语从句同位语从句先行词先行词There might be fireworks
12、.This made them decide to join the celebration.(The possibility that.)The possibility that there might be fireworks made them decide to join the celebration.同位语从句同位语从句先行词先行词 It was a sunny day.This led her to wear her sunglasses.The fact that.The fact that it was a sunny day led her to wear her sung
13、lasses.同位语从句同位语从句先行词先行词There would be a storm.This made her want to stay indoors.Her belief that Her belief that there would be a storm made her want to stay indoors.同位语从句同位语从句先行词先行词She heard there would be a test.This did not worry the student.The rumour that.The rumour that there might be a test d
14、id not worry the student.同位语从句同位语从句先行词先行词There would be a party on Saturday.This made Tom very excited.The news that.The news that there would be a party on Saturday made Tom very excited.同位语从句同位语从句先行词先行词Practice Arrange the words to make complete sentences using noun clauses in apposition.1.a quest
15、ion/he/work/finished/in two hours /it/the/is/how 2.the meeting/made/not/whether/go to/she/she/or not/will/a decision/has.It is a question how he finished the work in two hours.She has not made a decision whether she will go to the meeting or not.3.where/clue/went/no/he/have/I.4.evidence/say/the mone
16、y/the police/is/was stolen/there/that.5.home/the teacher/idea/had/the boy/no/for/school/left/when.I have no clue where he went.The police say there is evidence that the money was stolen.The teacher had no idea when the boy left school for home.同位语从句与定语从句区别同位语从句与定语从句区别 1.从词类上区别从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能是同位语
17、从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等抽象名词；等抽象名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词（包括具而定语从句的先行词可以是名词（包括具体名词和抽象名词）、代词、主句的一部分体名词和抽象名词）、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。或是整个主句。He told me the news that he would comehome from aboard soon.1.Word came that he had been abro
18、ad.据说他已经出国了。据说他已经出国了。2.Our team has won the game,which made us very happy.我们的队赢了我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。这让我们很高兴。(同位语从句同位语从句)(定语从句定语从句)2.从性质上区别从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。即定语从句表示先属于名词性从句的范畴。即定语从句表示先行词的性质，
19、而同位语从句表示名词的内容。行词的性质，而同位语从句表示名词的内容。如如:1.The news that our team has won the gameis true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句同位语从句,补充说明补充说明news到底是一个什到底是一个什么消息么消息)2.The news that he told me yesterday was true.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句定语从句,news在从句中作在从句中作told的宾语的宾语)3.从引导词上区别从引导词上区别 有些引导词如有些引导词
20、如how,whether,what 可以引导可以引导同位语从句同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。但不能引导定语从句。如如:That question whether we need it has not been considered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句同位语从句)引导词引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用指物时还可以用which代替代替)，并且作宾语时常常省略，并且作宾语时常常省略，that在同位语从句中在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省仅
21、起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用略，也不能用which来代替。来代替。如如:4.从引导词在从句中所起的作用上区别从引导词在从句中所起的作用上区别The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。昨天收到了。(同位语从句同位语从句,是对是对order的具体解释的具体解释that虽不虽不作成分作成分,但不能省略但不能省略)The order that we recei
22、ved yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句定语从句,是名词是名词order的修饰语的修饰语,that在从在从句中作句中作received的宾语的宾语,可以省略可以省略)1.The news that we had successfully sent up another communication satellite spread throughout the wo
23、rld.2.Thats the best piece of news Ive heard.判断下列哪些含有判断下列哪些含有同位语从句同位语从句、哪些含有、哪些含有定语定语从句从句。同位语从句同位语从句4.Is there any hope that he will be home at 7:30?5.The possibility that you referred to doesnt exist at all.6.The fact that we talked about is very important.7.There is a strong possibility that we ma
24、y be in France for the next week.定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句1.I made a promise _ this year,my first year in high school,would be different.（2012浙江高考）浙江高考）A.whether B.that C.what D.how解析：解析：that引导同位语从句，在从句中不引导同位语从句，在从句中不做句子成分，补充说明同位语做句子成分，补充说明同位语promise的内容。的内容。B2.Evidence has been found thro
25、ugh years of study _ childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.（2012重庆高考）重庆高考）A.why B.how C.whether D.that解析：解析：分析句子分析句子结结构可知，空白构可知，空白处处后面后面为为句子主句子主语语Evidence的同位的同位语语从句，在从句，在这这一从句中，句意完整，不缺少成分，一从句中，句意完整，不缺少成分，应应该该使用使用that作作为为引引导词导词。因此，正确答。因此，正确答案案为为D选项选项。D3.Modern sci
26、ence has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases.(2011天津天津)A.what B.which C.that D.where解析：解析：that引导同位语从句，修饰引导同位语从句，修饰evidence。that引导同位语从句时，在引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有真实含从句中不充当任何成分，也没有真实含义。句子意思是义。句子意思是“现代科学已经清楚地现代科学已经清楚地表明吸烟能导致很多种疾病。表明吸烟能导致很多种疾病。”C4.The fact has worried many scientist
27、s _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.(2009年江西卷年江西卷)A.whatB.which C.that D.though 解析：解析：本本题题考考查查同位同位语语从句。句意从句。句意为为：近：近年来全球气候不断年来全球气候不断变变暖，暖，这这一事一事实实使得使得很多科学家感到担很多科学家感到担忧忧。该题该题同位同位语语从句从句结结构完整，故构完整，故选连词选连词thatthat。C5.-Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport?-No
28、 problem.(2009年浙江卷年浙江卷)A.when B.that C.whether D.what解析：解析：句意句意为为：-你到机你到机场场来接我行来接我行吗吗？-没没问题问题。thatthat引引导导同位同位语语从句，从句，说说明明possibilitypossibility的内容。的内容。B6.News came from the school office _ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.(2009年四川卷年四川卷)A.which B.what C.that D.where解析：解析：句意句意为为：学校：学校
29、办办公室公室传传出了王琳已出了王琳已经经被北京大学被北京大学录录取的消息。取的消息。这这是一道考是一道考查查同位同位语语从句的从句的题题目，目，newsnews是同位是同位语语从句的先行从句的先行词词。C7.Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海上海)A.while B.that C.when D.as 解析：解析：more middle school graduates will be admitted into
30、 universities是是Information的内的内容，且容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。该句为同位语从句。B8.I cant stand the terrible noise _ she is crying loudly.A.it B.which C.this D.that 解析：she is crying loudly是是the terrible noise的内容，且的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。分，所以该句为同位语从句。D9.One reason for
31、 her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.（2010 上海）上海）A.that B.how C.what D.why 解析：考察考察that引导同位语从句的用法。此引导同位语从句的用法。此处处that不可以省略。不可以省略。A10.The news _（房价将要下跌）（房价将要下跌）has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices.(fall)（2010湖北）湖北）解析：用用 t
32、hat引导同位语从句，引导同位语从句，“房价房价”译译成成“housing price”。that the housing price will fall1.One of the men held the view _ the book said was right.A.that what B.what that C.that D.whether2.They received orders _ the work be done at once.A.which B.when C./D.that 3.Along with the letter was his promise _ he would
33、visit me this coming Christmas.A.which B.that C.what D.whetherADB4.Theres a feeling in me _ well never know what a UFO is not ever.A.that B.which C.of which D.what5.The news _ Lincoln was murdered filled the American peoples hearts with deep sorrow.A.which B.when C.that D.how6.I dont trust his promi
34、se _ he will buy me a new car.A.which B.what C.when D.that ACD7.She received the message _ he would come by plane.A.that B.which C.what D.when8._ is no possibility _ Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There,that B.It,that C.There,whether D.It,which9.The fact _ she works hard is well known to
35、 us all.A.that B.what C.why D.which AAA10.The fact _ he was successful proves his ability.A.that B.what C.which D.why 11.The news _ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.A.what B.that C.why D.when 12.His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down.A.which B.that C./D.it 13.I have no idea _ h
36、e will start.A.when B.that C.what D./ABBA14.Ive come from the government with a message _ the meeting wont be held tomorrow.A.if B.that C.whether D.which 15.The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him.A.when B.which C.what D.that 16.The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.A.which B.whether C.that D.what 17.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear _ he would die of the disease.A.that B.as C.of which D.which BDAC谢谢大家！结结 语语