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1、Translation二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。The 24 Solar TermsThe ancient Chinese divided a year into 24 equal segments according to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic
2、.Names were given with special connotations for these segments;such as vernal equinox(occurs on March 20 or 21)and pure brightness(occurs on April 4,5,or 6);and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms.Originating from the Reaches of the Yellow River,the 24 Solar Terms are basically a calendar to go
3、vern agricultural arrangements which takes into account the changes in climate and practical agricultural needs.The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and unique creation of the ancient Chinese.瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代（前1600-前1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前206-公元220）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国
4、传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器(china)”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。Chinese PorcelainPorcelain is regarded as one of Chinas outstanding contributions to the worlds civilization.As early as the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago,the Chinese ancestors invented and began to use pottery.Proto-porcelain was invented in
5、the mid-Shang Dynasty(1600BC-1046BC).Celadon was molded in the late Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD).From then on,porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world.China was therefore dubbed the“porcelain country.”In English,the word“china”has become a word that represents“China.”对联对联又称楹联或对子，是以中文语言
6、一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。The antithetical couplet(also called duilian)is also known as yinglian or duizi.An antithetical couplet is a kind of national writing style,which is composed by the skillful manipula
7、tion of the characteristic of the Chinese language that one character corresponds with one syllable.The philosophical origin and national cultural psychology of the antithetical couplet are the notion of yin-yang duality,according to which the Chinese recognize and master things.The feature of the a
8、ntithetical couplet is an“antithesis”:equal characters,the same part of speech,the level and oblique fitting with each other,the content being related,and the rhythms corresponding.There are many types of antithetical couplets,such as Spring Festival couplets,marriage couplets,birthday couplets,eleg
9、iac couplets,and antithetical couplets about tea,etc.剪纸剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Paper-cutting(otherwise known as jianzhi)is also called kezhi,chuanghua or jianhua.Paper cutting was popular even
10、 before paper was invented.When there was no paper,people carved on gold leaf,silk,feathers,and so on,with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts.In the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220AD),the invention if paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting.The folk themes
11、of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life,filled with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort,and expressing the desire for a happy life.中国古典文学名著中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的三国演义、水浒传、西游记、红楼梦则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途
12、径。Chinese classical literature includes poetry,prose,fiction,and ci(new lyrics written to pre-existing tunes),fu(“descriptive poems”of prose-poetry),qu(freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias),and many other styles.Its artistic expressions are various in technique.Four classics
13、of Chinese literature are Romance of the Three Kingdoms,Water Margin,Journey to the West,and Dream of Red Mansions,which have extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national and international level.Through reading“the four famous novels”carefully,you can experience traditional Chinese soc
14、iety and human culture,and folklore customs.And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.京剧京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（
15、念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。Chinese Beijing OperaPraised as“Oriental Opera”,Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas,especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th
16、 Century,Beijing Opera evolved and took shape,becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts-song,speech,performance,acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in B
17、eijing Opera are sheng(male),dan(young female),jing(painted face,male),and chou(clown,male or female).围棋中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。故称为弈，别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。国棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理，兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。The four art forms in ancient
18、 China are guqin,chess,penmanship,and painting.And chess particularly refers to Chinese Weiqi.Weiqi could be called the national chess of China.In ancient times,Weiqi was called yi,with the alternative names Zuowen and Shoutan.The regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the same time.A f
19、ull weiqi set has 361 playing pieces and is played on a board with a 19 by 19 grid.The circumference of the board is less than 2/3 metre.Playing Weiqi may look like an arrangement of two sides black and white pieces.However,it is actually a competition between two players and it tests their wisdom,c
20、ourage,and patience.Weiqi symbolizes Heaven and Earth.It contains philosophical theories,such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book of Changes,the art of war,and theories on state administration and national security,which embodies the wisdom and the spirit of Chinese culture.
21、印章印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles,such as stamp,zhu
22、note,contract,fu,lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi,yin,bao,etc.According to historical records,seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts,such as seal characters and official script and s
23、o on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal,basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay,the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life,but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of Chinas u
24、nique artworks.中国传统节日中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其它主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。每个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日和农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the Lunar calendar.January 1st on the lunar calendar has be
25、en designed as the Spring Festival(generally referred to as guonian).There are several customs during the Spring Festival,such as praying for a good harvest,etc.The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity.Some other Chinese festivals
26、include the Lantern Festival,the Pure Bright Festival,the Dragon Boat Festival,the Double-Seventh Festival,the Mid-Autumn Festival,the Double-Ninth Festival,the Winter Solstice,and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month,etc.Each festival has its own unique origin and custom.These Chinese festival
27、s that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar.They embody Chinas cohesion and vitality.中国茶文化茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。Tea culture of ChinaAs a tradit
28、ional drink for Chinese people,Chinese tea is believed to have first started with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong,and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties(618AD-1279AD).Making tea was considered one of the seven basic daily necessities along with fuel,rice,oil,salt,soy sauce,and vinegar,while drinkin
29、g tea is an apt portrayal of daily life in China.Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the science and humanities character of tea.In China,the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism,Buddhism,and Taoism,and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and body,comprehend the truth
30、,and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.digestliableenduranceevidencejournalsupplementbounce moderateconsumerespectivelyabsorballowanceimpactvesseltypicalproteincalculatesufficientcompoundcalculateremedymodifyadvisablebounce backin general tip sb over the edgethrow upderivestrikinginterfere with undo selectsum up storagetypical