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1、关于英语写作第一页，本课件共有28页一.叙述法叙述法(narration)叙述法叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时时间、过程间、过程或空间空间的排列顺序表达主题句的一种写作手段。1.按时间展开（development by time）2.按过程展开（development by process）3.按空间展开（development by space）第二页，本课件共有28页叙述法叙述法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义 第三页，本课件共有28页1.按时间展开（development by time）当一段文字是记叙一连串接着发生的事物时
2、，必须依照事物发生的时间，按先后顺序排列，方可一目了然。如：Toward the end of the afternoon everything begins to close.The bank closes first.Mr Fisher locks the bank doors promptly at four oclock.Miss Mary Smith leaves the Post Office an hour after that.A half hour later Barney Jones locks his grocery store,and Miss Minie Mason
3、leaves school.If the three-thirty train is on time,Ben Cook walks past the Farmers Bank at Five-thirty.By six oclock everything is closed along Main Street except the gas station,the restaurant,and the drugstore.By six oclock most people are at home getting ready for dinner.第四页，本课件共有28页 After lunch,
4、while the other girls were sunbathing,Pat and I returned to the water.Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs.Immobilized by pain and fear,I yelled for help.My friend thought I was joking:so she ignored me.However,Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight.She pulled me out of
5、 the water and administered resuscitation.When regaining consciousness,I realized how close I had come to death.My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives.在这个段落里，作者用了after lunch;while.;soon;when.等时间连接语按时间的先后顺序记叙了一件发生在午饭后的事。第五页，本课件共有28页表时间顺序的常用
6、词及短语Now,nowadays,between and Since,later,afterwards,earlier,formerlyIn the first/second/placeTo begin with,at the turn of the centuryAt birth,in childhood,in infancy,in adolescence,as an adult,in adulthood,in old age,at deathNext,then,subsequently,later,in conclusion.第六页，本课件共有28页2.按过程展开（development
7、by process）为了讲清楚如何做一件事情，我们通常按其步骤的先后顺序逐项说明。在这一类文章里，如果文章中的说明至今有效，须在行文中使用现在时。for example:第七页，本课件共有28页 There are four separate stages in making bread.The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water.This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour.The resultant batter mixture is then left fo
8、r an hour.At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture,along with salt and oil.The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough,after which it is left to rise.The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves;the shaped loaves are then put in
9、to bread tins and left to prove(rise).In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven.The whole process of making bread finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks.这个段落采用过程叙述法描述了做面包的的过程。作者用了The first stage begins by.,At the next stage.,The third stage involves.
10、和In the final stage.等连贯性词语详细地按照先后顺序介绍了四个步骤。第八页，本课件共有28页3.按空间展开（development by space）描写事物时，有时需要按照事物发生的地点(location)及相互空间关系(spatial relationship)排列，才能使读者获得较清楚的概念。空间顺序指按物体的空间位置（自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等顺序）来展开段落。如：第九页，本课件共有28页 This is a dining room.It is not large,but it is not small.It is me
11、dium-sized.The table,which is round,is in the middle of the room.The chairs are around the table,and the table-cloth is on the table.The glasses and china are on the shelves and in the cabinet.The buffet is in the back of the table.The large picture,which is above the buffet,is between the two small
12、 pictures.The plant is on the floor to the right of the buffet.It is in the corner.读完这段用空间顺序展开的文字后，我们可以想象出餐厅里的摆设。第十页，本课件共有28页 Great Britain is an island that lies off the northwest coast of Europe.The nearest country is France which is 20 miles away from which Great Britain is separated by the Engli
13、sh Channel.The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west,and the North Sea to the east.It comprises the mainland of England,Wales and Scotland.Scotland is in the North,while Wales is in the west.Ireland,which is also an island,lies off the west coast of Great Britain.It consists of Nort
14、hern Ireland and the Irish Republic.Great Britain together with Northern Ireland constitutes the United Kingdom.Thus,the United Kingdom is composed of four parts.The largest of these is England which is divided into 43 administrative counties.The capital city is London which is situated in southeast
15、 England.这个段落主要是采用由外到里的空间顺序法进行描写的。先从外围描述大不列颠的地理位置，接着从内部仔细介绍它的各个组成部分 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的相对位置，同时描述了爱尔兰岛的相对位置，最后作者又特意指出英国首府伦敦的地理位置。第十一页，本课件共有28页表示空间关系的常用词及短语Under,below,beneath,down,over,above,on the top of,inside,beside,alongNorth,northern,to the left,to the rightTo the north,on the left,on the rightAt the b
16、ack of,in front,in the middleNext to,close to Adjacent,parallel to,intersection,horizontal.Surface.第十二页，本课件共有28页二二.用举例用举例用举例用举例,列举或归纳法列举或归纳法列举或归纳法列举或归纳法(example or generalization)(example or generalization)一段文字仅有理论性的论点是不够的，还需要实例来支持或证明论点。往往以实例来说明主题。请看下面一段文字：There are several advantages of learning to
17、 type.For example,typing is faster and less tiring than writing.Typed paper is neater,and it helps you get better grades.Besides,learning to type can help you find a summer or part-time job easily.第十三页，本课件共有28页1.举例法举例法(example)作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：举例法举例法侧重通过举出典型事例典型事例来解释作者
18、观点，且事例可多可少；列举法列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面力求全面。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开的段落。第十四页，本课件共有28页It is very difficult to evaluate another persons performance objectively.For example,Linda recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course.Her friend Jack wrote a marvelous description of
19、 the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course.Both Linda and Jack were not fairly evaluating the instructor.They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgment.第十五页，本课件共有28页2.列举法列举法(details)作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举
20、的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。如下面一段话：第十六页，本课件共有28页 Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong.First,I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work.Then,I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss.During the coffee bre
21、ak,I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt.At lunch time,I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it.After lunch,my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting.Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too.When I got home I c
22、ouldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office.So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first,then,during the coffee break,after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。第十七页，本课件共有28页常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：for one thing,for another,finall
23、y,besides,moreover,one another,still another,first,second,also等。第十八页，本课件共有28页3.归纳法归纳法(generalization)另一种通过举例或细节展开段落的方法是从细节到归纳，即先铺叙细节，把归纳性的中心句放在段尾。段落中的细节和例子往往按照它们的重要性或趣味性排列：分量轻轻或趣味性弱弱的靠前，分量重重或趣味性强强的致后。第十九页，本课件共有28页 Basketball,football and volleyball are team sports,which require two teams playing aga
24、inst each other.They compete with one another to get the best score.Dual sports,on the other hand,are played between two persons.Both players have to make the greatest effort to beat their opponent.Dual sports include such sports as tennis,ping-pong,and boxing.Individual sports require neither a tea
25、m nor an opponent.Typical individual sports are swimming,running and walking.So there are three main kinds of sports:team sports,dual sports and individual sports.第二十页，本课件共有28页Exercise Use examples,details or generalization to develop the following topic sentence(50-80 words):There are many differen
26、t forms of exercises to suit different tastes.第二十一页，本课件共有28页Paragraph for referenceThere are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or ta
27、ke a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.第二十二页，本课件共有28页三.类比和对比法（comparison/contrast）当段落的主题是要指出两件事物的相同点(similar
28、ities)和不同点(differences)时，可用类比和对比的方法来说明，但类比或对比的两件事必须属于同一类别。将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点，例如：第二十三页，本课件共有28页The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes,or transistors.Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain.
29、A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.在这段文字上，作者为了突出电子计算机运行速度之快，首先将它与人脑进行了比较，-a thousand times faster than-;而后，又将这一概念具体到了 a problem上，通过对比使读者从-a long time-in one minute上有更加直观的认识。第二十四页，本课件共有28页As food is to the body,so is learning to the
30、mind.Our bodies grow and muscles develop with the intake of adequate nutritious food.Likewise,we should keep learning day by day to maintain our keen mental power and expand our intellectual capacity.Constant learning supplies us with inexhaustible fuel for driving us to sharpen our power of reasoni
31、ng,analysis,and judgment.第二十五页，本课件共有28页 Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching?Part of the reason is the ever-widening pay gap between these two professions.A secretary,an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000,and when one is
32、promoted to the position of a business executive or manager,the salary is even higher.But a college graduate with a masters degree can only get a salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his teaching job.No wonder,college graduates are attracted into more lucrative（赚钱的，有利润的）fields.第二十六页，本课件共有28页There are s
33、triking similarities between two of the most popular U.S.presidents,Abraham Lincoln and John F.Kennedy.Both men had their elections legally challenged.Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor,as well as for their interest in civil rights.Lincolns secretary was Mrs.Kennedy;Ken
34、nedys secretary was Mrs.Lincoln.Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was assassinated.Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives.And finally,the same caisson（弹药车）carried the bodies of both men in their funeral processions.本段采用对比法通过第一种途径展开段落。这里，作者将美国历史上两位伟大的总统林肯与肯尼迪从六个方面作了比较，描述他们的相似之处。第二十七页，本课件共有28页感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第二十八页，本课件共有28页