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1、 Unit 7 Teaching Grammar 1.The role of grammar in ELT2.Grammar presentation methods3.Grammar practiceFocal pointsThe role of grammar in ELTThe value of grammar in foreign language teaching has been a focus of debate for decades,and no conclusion is in sight.Some assumptions about grammar in language
2、 learningRead the following statements about grammar in English learning and decide if you agree with them or not.1.Students need to be given detailed grammar rules if they want to learn a foreign language successfully.2.Children do not learn grammar rules when they acquire their first language,so t
3、hey do not need them either when learning a foreign language.3.If students get enough chance to practice using a foreign language,they do not need to learn grammar.4.Making students aware of grammatical information is one of the teaching objectives,allowing students opportunities for using the langu
4、age is just as important.5.Grammar should be taught to help students to analyze difficult structures in texts.6.Teaching and learning grammar should focus on practice rather than the study of grammar itself.7.Grammar should be taught and practiced in context.8.Knowing grammar is not enough for real
5、communication.9.An inadequate knowledge of grammar would severely constrain the capacity for communication.10.Grammar will always be“the boring bit”of language learning.over emphasize the roles of grammar overlook the roles of grammarTwo extremes in grammar teachingThe answer to whether grammar shou
6、ld be taught and to what extent grammar should be taught depends on some variables in the language teaching/learning context,such as learner variables and instructional variables.It is generally believed that Grammar teaching is less important for children than for adults;Grammar teaching is less im
7、portant in listening and reading than in writing.Generally speaking,Chinese learners of English as a foreign language need a certain degree of mastery of English grammar.However,it should be noted that learning grammar itself is not the ultimate goal of leaning English.Grammar teaching can be seen i
8、n most formal classroom language teaching.nOver emphasisnAvoidance nWeakening teachingClassroom procedure of grammar instructionFor a structure-based lessonPresentationPracticeProductionFor a skill-based lessonPre-readingWhile-readingPost-reading(1)presentation The teacher introduces new language in
9、 particular communicative situations,focusing on its meaning,form and on its function.The emphasis at this stage is on meaning and form.(2)practice Students work through activities from controlled to free in order to practice the new language in different situations.The emphasis at the beginning of
10、this stage is on accuracy.(3)production Students have the chance to use the new language freely and incorporate it into their existing language.The emphasis at this stage is on use.Video Observation SheetPresentationPracticeProductionForm of activityFocusMethods of Error CorrectionClass organization
11、(interaction patterns)Roles of Teacher(teacher-centered or student-centered)Percentage of TTTPercentage of STTPresentationPracticeproductionAccuracy control teacher-centeredFluency communication student-centeredGrammar presentation methods Studies in the past two decades display controversial findin
12、gs on explicit and implicit instruction.Explicit grammar teaching(显性语法教学显性语法教学)Implicit grammar teaching(隐性语法教学隐性语法教学)As research indicates,grammar instruction should be mainly implicit,supported by explicit instruction.At the beginning stage,it is better to adopt mainly the implicit approaches,and
13、as students progress,the ratio of explicit instruction can be increased.The best approach is the combination of both implicit and explicit instruction.the deductive method（演绎法）演绎法）the inductive method（归纳法）归纳法）the guided discovery method (引导发现法）引导发现法）The deductive methodThe deductive method relies on
14、 reasoning,analysing and comparing.1.The rule is given first.2.The teacher explains the rules with examples(in the students native language and use grammatical terms,comparison may be done between the newly presented structure and previously learned structures language and the native language).3.Stu
15、dents apply the rules to given situations(practices).The deductive method is criticized because:Grammar is taught in an isolated way;Little attention is paid to meaning;The practice is often mechanical.However,the deductive method is not without merits.It could be very successful with selected and m
16、otivated students.It could save time when students are confronted with a grammar rule which is complex but which has to be learned.It may help to increase student confidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success.Explicit grammar instructionThe inducti
17、ve methodStudents are given the structure in context(authentic or near authentic)&are asked to work out the rule for themselves.They are given guidance from the teacher in using evidence from the context to work out the usage of the structure.In the inductive method,the teacher induces the learners
18、to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.It is believed that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples.Implicit grammar instructionIt is believed that the inductive method is more effective in that(=because)students discover the gram
19、mar rules themselves while engaged in language use.What they discover by themselves are better remembered.But if the structure is not easy for the learners to discover themselves even with a contextprovided,it is better to teach the rule explicitly.In practice,the distinction between the deductive m
20、ethod and the inductive method is not always apparent.the guided discovery method (引导发现法）引导发现法）A combination of the deductive method andthe inductive method the combination of both implicit and explicit instructionThe students are induced to discover rules by themselves.The process of the discovery
21、is carefully guided by the teacher and the rules are elicited and taught explicitly.1.The students are presented with contextualised examples illustrating a specific structure.2.students are guided to discover the underlying rule of the structure as well as its meaning in context.3.the teacher teach
22、es the target structure explicitly.Grammar practice Grammar presentation is concerned withHow to make the students understand or discover grammar rules.It is practice that helps students develop grammatical capability.According to Ur,“practice may be defined as any kind of engaging with the language
23、 on the part of the learner,usually under the teacher supervision,whose primary objective is to consolidate learning”.(Ur,1988:11)Ur predicts that the following 6 factors contribute to successful practice:Pre-learning.Learners benefit from clear perception and short-term memory of the new language.V
24、olume and repetition.The more exposure to or production of language the learners have,the more likely they are to learn.Success-orientation.Practice is most effective when based on successful practice.Heterogeneity.Practice should be able to elicit different sentences and generate different levels o
25、f answers from different learners.Teacher assistance.The teacher should provide suggestions,hints and prompts.Interest:an essential feature that is closely related to concentration Two categories of practice Mechanical practice Meaningful practiceMechanical practice Mechanical practice involves acti
26、vities that are aimed at form accuracy.e.g.Substitution drillsTransformation drills Substitute the underlined part with the proper forms of the given words:green lawn clean house pretty garden nice flowersMrs Green has the largest house in town.Change the following sentences into the past tense.Use
27、the adverbs given in the brackets.Now he lives in London.(last year,Paris)We have English and maths today.(yesterday,music and P.E.)He usually gets up at seven.(this morning,eight)Questions for discussionWhat is the purpose of mechanical practice?What are the advantages and disadvantage of mechanica
28、l practice?Meaningful practiceIn meaningful practice the focus is on the production,comprehension or exchange of meaning,though the students“keep an eye on”the way newly learned structures are used in the process.e.g.After the presentation and mechanical practice of adjective comparatives and superl
29、atives:Pair work:Look at the table below.Rank the items on the left column according to the criteria listed on the top.CheapHealthy Tasty Fattening Important BeerWaterFruitCigarettesAlcoholMilkThe students may come up with:I think beer is cheaper than fruit.No,no,I think fruit is cheaper than beer.Q
30、uestions for discussionWhat are the advantages of meaningful practice?Does it have any possible disadvantages?A task for youSuppose you have just presented the simple past tense to a group of Junior 2 students.Design a meaningful practice activity.There is no clear-cut distinction between mechanical
31、 practice and meaningful practice.e.g.Chain of eventsTeacher:Now lets play a game.The first student starts a sentence with a second conditional clause.The next student takes the result of the sentence,reforms it into another condition and suggests a further result.For example,the first student says“
32、If I had a million dollars,I would buy a yacht”.The second students says“If I bought a yacht,I would go for a sail”.The students may come up with:If I went for a sail,there might be a storm.If there were a storm,my yacht would sink.If my yacht sank,I would die.If I died,my parents would cry.Using pr
33、ompts for practicePractice based on prompts is usually meaningful practice.Using picture prompts.Using mime or gestures as prompts.Using information sheet as prompts.Using key phrase or key words as prompts.Using chained phrases for story telling.Using created situations.Using information sheet as p
34、romptsTeacher:What about you?Tell your neighbour.NamesFavourite subjectsFavourite sportsFavourite foodHobbiesLilyMathsbasketballporkmusicSusanChinesePing-pongeggsreadingDavidEnglishfootballice-creamcollecting stampsUsing created situations:for simulative communication Your are a stranger in this tow
35、n.You want to buy some fruit,you want to post a letter,and you also want to see a movie at night.Ask about the places.There was a robbery yesterday in the neighbourhood.A policeman is asking some questions to three of the neighbours,A,B,and C.A:at work;came back at 6:30 p.m.;did not see anybody.B:a
36、student;came back at 4:30 p.m.;saw a young man going upstairsC:an old man;stayed at home;heard some strange noise at 5:00 p.m.;came out to find a tall young man Summary of Unit 6 Perhaps there will never be a solution to the debate on the value of teaching grammar,because language teaching and learn
37、ing contexts vary so greatly.It should be noted that learning itself is not the ultimate goal of learning English.The understanding of how to teach grammar is as controversial as that of the value of teaching grammar.We believe that both mechanical practice and meaningful practice are necessary.Some
38、 suggestions about teaching grammar1.Teach only those rules that are simple and typical.2.Teach useful and important grammar points.3.Teach grammar in context.4.Use visible instruments such as charts,tables,diagrams,maps,drawings,and realia to aid understanding;5.Avoid difficult grammatical terminologies as much as possible.6.Allow enough opportunities for practice.7.Live with the students mistakes and errors.