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1、麻醉学的麻醉学的发展展历程及未来程及未来The First Anesthesiologist.1And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam,and he slept.Genesis 2:21.Managing Pain Before AnesthesiaLocal application of cold water,ice or pressure.Plants and extracts.Coca leaves chewed and saliva dripped into injured areas or open wounds-
2、Inca Shamans.Alcohol or/with opium or hemp “soporific sponge.”HypnosisMost common,Opium poppy,Papaver somniferum,Mandragora or mandrake from Atropa mandragora,belladonna from the Morning Glory,marijuana or Cannabis indica.OpiumIn those“dark”days many patients approached surgery as through facing exe
3、cution,an often appropriate assessment of uncontained risks,including pain,hemorrhage,shock and postoperative infection.The easiest pain to bear is someone elses.Seishu Hanaoka,1760-1835.2“Angel of Medicine.”Duty to relieve pain.“Tsusensan”1805.Mother and wife volunteered.Breast cancer removed with
4、tsusensan 10/13/1805.Hanaoka 1805Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyI.Inhalation anesthesia,1846.II.Regional anesthesia,1884.III.Intravenous anesthesia,1932.IV.Neuromuscular blockers,1942.V.Precision anesthesia,1986.Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyI.Epoch of inhalation anesthesia,1846.ETHER DAY.3Successf
5、ul public demonstration 10/16/1846 at MGH.Ether Dome,now a national shrine.William Thomas Morton 1819-68.3Clothing merchant,swindler,dentist,medical student.Attended Wells demonstration of N2O in 1845.Idea of more potent agent,ether from Jackson.Patented“Letheon.”Ether“Sweet vitriol”discovered 1275
6、by Spanish chemist Raymundus Lullius.1540,synthesis of ether described by German scientist,Valerius Cordus.Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus discovered the hypnotic effects of ether.Crawford Williamson Long(1815-1878).4First to use ether for surgery.“Discoverer of anesthesia?”03/30/1842 painl
7、ess removal of neck tumor after dropping ether on a cloth(anesthesia fee 0.25).Discovery unpublished,predates Mortons public demonstration by 4 years.The anniversary of Longs great accomplishment,March 30th,is celebrated in the United States as“Doctors Day”,and all medical specialties are honored.Si
8、r Humphrey Davy(1778-1829)Superintendent of Thomas Beddoess Pneumatic Institute.Rx pulmonary tuberculosis by inhaling various gases,N2O,H2,O2,and CO2.Humphrey Davy.41800 Researches,Chemical and Philosophical:Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide.He described inhaling N2O himself and obtaining relief from
9、 a painful condition.He suggested N2O might be used for surgery,44 years before Horace Wells.Drawing from the 18th century depicting the recreational use of nitrous oxide -laughing gasHorace Wells(1815-1848).5 Attended a demonstration of N2O conducted by Quincy Colton,12/10/1844.Noticed that a man i
10、ntoxicated by N2O lacerated his leg,and felt no pain or recall.The next day,Wells asked Colton to administer N2O,while an associate extracted a tooth.Demonstrated N2O at Harvard 01/1845,patient cried,students hissed“Humbug.”Addicted to chloroform.Arrested for throwing acid on prostitutes,committed s
11、uicide in jail.Pushed a known toxin to unconsciousness.Horace Wells.Inhalation landmarksJohn Snow(1813-58),preventive medicine,first full time anesthesiologist.James Simpson(1811-70),Chair of Midwifery Edinburgh,OB anesthesia 01/1847,chloroform 1847.Henry Boyle,first anesthesia machine 1917.Ralph Wa
12、ters,CO2 absorbtion 1924.Ivan Magill,endotracheal intubation 1920.Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyII.Epoch of regional anesthesia,1884.Karl Koller 1857-1944Ophthalmologist in Vienna.Dissatisfied with GA for eye surgery.Restless and coughing during surgery,vomiting and pain postop.1884 with Sigmund Fr
13、eud introduced cocaine from Erythroxylon coca.Landmarks in Regional AnesthesiaWilliam Halstead,nerve blocks of face and arm 1886,addicted to cocaine.August Bier,spinal anesthesia 1898.Virginia Apgar promotes regional analgesia in childbirth 1930.Virginia Apgar 1909-1974.6Devised a system for grading
14、 the newborns condition,“Apgar Score.”Promoted R.A.which relieved labor pain without interfering with the baby.Featured on US Postage stamp.Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyIII.Epoch of intravenous anesthesia,1932.John S.Lundy,1894-19731903 Barbitone synthesis by Fischer,Berlin,Nobel Prize.1932 Evipan
15、 used IV by Weese Schraff,&Rheinoff.1934 Lundy,Mayo Clinic used Sodium Pentothal.Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyIV.Epoch of neuromuscular blockers,1942.Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs1942 Curare first used clinically by Griffith and Enid Johnson in Montreal.Paleopharmacology of curarePaleopharmacology
16、of curareNMBAs1812 Waterton brought“woorara”from Guiana to England,inoculated 3 donkeys,2 died,one survived with tracheostomy and IPPV.1857 Claude Bernard published that curare blocked the NMJ.1940 Bennett used curare to modify seizures induced by metrozol.Claude Bernard,1857Golden Epochs of Anesthe
17、siologyV.Epoch of precision anesthesia,1986.Ellison Pierce MD,Pres.ASA 1984.ABC 20/20,“The Deep Sleep,6000 will suffer brain damage”4/22/1982.Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring ASA House of Delegates 10/21/1986.Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation 1984.Harvey Cushing,1869-1939Pulse Oximetry,1
18、973,1983.Modern Anesthesia Machine.Anesthesia Mortality.71:1000 in 1960.1:240,000 in 2002Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyI.Inhalation anesthesia,1846.II.Regional anesthesia,1884.III.Intravenous anesthesia,1932.IV.Neuromuscular blockers,1942.V.Precision anesthesia,1986.References1.And the Lord God cau
19、sed a deep sleep to fall upon Adam,and he slept.Genesis 2:21.2.Matsuki A:Seishu Hanaoka,a Japanese pioneer in anesthesia.Anesthesiol 1970;32:446-50.3.Fenster J M:Ether Day.Harper Collins Publishers.New York,2001.4.Sykes:Essays on the First Hundred Years of Anaesthesia.Robert E.Kreiger Publishing Co.1972.References 25.Wolfe&Menczer:I Awaken to Glory.Boston Medical Library,1994.6.Caton D:What A Blessing She Had Chloroform.Yale University Press,New Haven,1999.7.Voelker R:Anesthesia-related risks have plummeted.JAMA 1995;273:445-6.