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1、会计学1英语测试理论与实践从句英语测试理论与实践从句第一节第一节 从属分句从属分句n n复合句复合句 （complex sentencecomplex sentence）:由一个主句由一个主句（principal clauseprincipal clause）和一个以上的从属分句）和一个以上的从属分句（subordinate clausesubordinate clause）构成。）构成。第1页/共39页n n名词性从句名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句句n n状语从句状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、时间状语从句、地点
2、状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句方式状语从句、比较状语从句第2页/共39页一、状语从句一、状语从句n n主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。n n1.1.让步状语从句让步状语从句n nthough,although,even if/thoughthough,although,even if/though引导引导n n ，Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the Mr.Wel
3、ls is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.(2005)working class.(2005)n nA Although he is socialist B Even if he is a socialistA Although he is socialist B Even if he is a socialistn nC Being a socialist D Since he is a socialistC Being a socialist D Since he is a socialist第3页/共39页n n2.as 引导的让
4、步状语从句n nasas引导的状语从句引导的状语从句须将表语、状语、动词原型提到须将表语、状语、动词原型提到asas前前，如果动词或现在分词放在句首，谓语要补加助动词如如果动词或现在分词放在句首，谓语要补加助动词如do/does/did,willdo/does/did,will等等。n nFail as he did,he would never give up.Fail as he did,he would never give up.n n作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不加作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不加冠词。冠词。n nFool as Jane is,she c
5、ould not have done such a thing.Fool as Jane is,she could not have done such a thing.n nasas从句的从句的主语是代词时，主谓不需倒装主语是代词时，主谓不需倒装；如果主语是如果主语是名词时，则需要倒装。名词时，则需要倒装。n nDifficult as it was,they finished it in time.Difficult as it was,they finished it in time.n nDifficult as was the work,they finished it in tim
6、e.Difficult as was the work,they finished it in time.第4页/共39页n nFool Jerry is,he could not have done such a thing.(2010)n nA who B as C like D that第5页/共39页n n(3).while 引导的让步状语从句n n while while 表示表示“尽管、虽然尽管、虽然”时，可以引导让步状语从句，这时时，可以引导让步状语从句，这时whilewhile表达并列表达并列的转折，即主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。的转折，即主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的
7、。WhileWhile引导的从句通常放到引导的从句通常放到主句前主句前。n n I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.(2001)(2001)n nA As long as B As C While D EvenA As long as B As C While D Even第6页/共39页n n(4).no matter ho
8、w(4).no matter how与与howeverhowever引导的让步状语从句引导的让步状语从句n nNo matterNo matter与疑问词与疑问词what,when,where,howwhat,when,where,how连用，或上述疑问词加连用，或上述疑问词加 ever,ever,都可以引导让步状语从句，两者基本可以互换。都可以引导让步状语从句，两者基本可以互换。n nNo matter how/However No matter how/However slysly a fox may be,it is no match for a good a fox may be,it
9、 is no match for a good hunter.hunter.n nNo matter what/Whatever you do,I wont tell you my secret.No matter what/Whatever you do,I wont tell you my secret.第7页/共39页n n the boss says,it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.(2009)n nA Whatever B Whenevern nC Whichever D However第8页/共39
10、页n n比较状语从句比较状语从句n n一般由一般由as as 和和than than 引导引导n nIt is easier than I thought.It is easier than I thought.n nI havent done as much as I should have liked.I havent done as much as I should have liked.第9页/共39页n n条件状语从句条件状语从句n nIf,unless,provided/providing(that),so/as long as,on condition that,suppose/
11、supposing(that),in the event that,whether or notn nThis is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated.(2000)n nA after B if C since D unless第10页/共39页n n时间状语从句时间状语从句n n引导词：引导词：when,after,as when,after,as 等等n n1.when1.when与与whilewhile引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句n nWhen When 表示表示“当当的时候的时候”，指一个时
12、间点（段）的动作；，指一个时间点（段）的动作；whilewhile表表示示“在在同时同时”，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作。时间的或短暂的动作。n nWhile Tom was reading,Jack was writing.While Tom was reading,Jack was writing.n nWhen he finished his speech,the audience burst into applause.When he finished his speech,the audience burst i
13、nto applause.第11页/共39页n n2.Hardly/Scarcelywhen 和 No soonerthan（一就）引导的时间状语从句，相当于as soon as;Hardly/Scarcely 和 No sooner后面用完成时，when,than 后面用过去时。n nThe couple had no sooner got to the station the coach left.(2009)n nA when B as C until D than第12页/共39页n n3.the minute/moment/day,the first/second/last time
14、,each/every/next/time等都可以引导时间状语从句。n nNext time you come to Beijing,you must visit the museum.Next time you come to Beijing,you must visit the museum.第13页/共39页n n4.since表示“自从”，从句要用非延续性动词，主句完成时。n nSince he lived in Nanjing,I have not heard from him.第14页/共39页n nTill/until表示“直到”,（till不能用于句首）用于肯定句时，主句用延续
15、性动词；否定句中，主句可用非延续性动词。n nI will wait here until the concert is over.n nShe cant leave until Friday.第15页/共39页n n5.5.结果状语从句结果状语从句n n1 1）so/suchthatso/suchthat引导结果状语从句引导结果状语从句n nSo+adj./adv.So+adj./adv.a(an)a(an)Such+n.that Such+n.that 如此如此以至以至在在 many/few/little many/few/little n.n.，只能用，只能用sosoSo many pe
16、ople complained about the heavy traffic that the city government took So many people complained about the heavy traffic that the city government took measures at last.measures at last.第16页/共39页n n2.with the result that 引导结果状语从句n nThe Eskimo language is,therefore,one of the most difficult in the worl
17、d to learn,with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it.第17页/共39页n n6.原因状语从句原因状语从句n n引导词引导词since,as,because;in that,on the grounds thatsince,as,because;in that,on the grounds thatn nMen differ from animals in that they can think and speak.Men differ from animals in
18、 that they can think and speak.n nHe was elected as the President on the grounds that he had contributed a He was elected as the President on the grounds that he had contributed a lot to the company.lot to the company.第18页/共39页n n7.地点状语从句地点状语从句n n引导词引导词 where,wherever,anywherewhere,wherever,anywhere
19、n nIll take you anywhere you like.Ill take you anywhere you like.n nHe said he was happy where he was.He said he was happy where he was.第19页/共39页n n8 方式状语从句方式状语从句n n引导词引导词asasn nI have changed it as you suggested.I have changed it as you suggested.n nShe did her work She did her work her manager had
20、 instructed.(2002)her manager had instructed.(2002)n nA as B until C when D thoughA as B until C when D though第20页/共39页n nJust as Just as 和和 much as much as 也可引导方式状语从句。也可引导方式状语从句。n nThey tried to conceal this fact They tried to conceal this fact much asmuch as I did last year.I did last year.n n他们设法
21、隐瞒事实，就像我去年做的那样。他们设法隐瞒事实，就像我去年做的那样。n nI cant help seeing things the way they do.I cant help seeing things the way they do.第21页/共39页二、关系从句二、关系从句（定语从句）（定语从句）n n1 1、限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别、限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别、限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别、限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别n nA.A.非限定性定于从句中，先行词和关系代词之间要有逗号隔开。非限定性定于从句中，先行词和关系代词之间要有逗号隔开。n nB.B.
22、限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分，限定；非限定性定语从句起补充限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分，限定；非限定性定语从句起补充说明的作用，翻译时常译作独立的句子，而不是定语。说明的作用，翻译时常译作独立的句子，而不是定语。n nHe refused to reveal the He refused to reveal the man whoman who had beaten him black and blue.had beaten him black and blue.n nI no longer live in Beijing,where air pollution did great
23、 harm to my health.I no longer live in Beijing,where air pollution did great harm to my health.第22页/共39页n n2.which和和thatn nA.A.关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省。n nIt is the only thing(that)we can do for you.It is the only thing(that)we can do for you.n nB.B.先行词是先行词是anyone,anybody,evryone,evrybody,s
24、omeone,somebodyanyone,anybody,evryone,evrybody,someone,somebody 时，关系代词多时，关系代词多用用whowho或或whomwhomn nIs there anyone here who can dance?Is there anyone here who can dance?第23页/共39页n nC.C.先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词（all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,something,nothing,everythingall,much,few,little,some,an
25、y,none,anything,something,nothing,everything）,只能用只能用thatthat引导。引导。n nThats all(that)I could do at that moment.Thats all(that)I could do at that moment.n nD.D.先行词被形容词最高级或先行词被形容词最高级或first,last,only,very,nofirst,last,only,very,no等修饰时，关系代词常用等修饰时，关系代词常用that,that,n nHe is the only person that I dislike in
26、 our class.He is the only person that I dislike in our class.n nThis is the very pen that you are looking for.This is the very pen that you are looking for.第24页/共39页n nE.E.有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物时，关系代词用有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物时，关系代词用thatthatn nA victim is a A victim is a person,animal or thing thatperson,animal
27、or thing that suffers pain,death,harm,etc.suffers pain,death,harm,etc.第25页/共39页n n3.asn n1).as1).as和和such,the same,as(so)such,the same,as(so)连用，引导限定性定语从句。连用，引导限定性定语从句。n nSuch people as wish to leave may do so now.Such people as wish to leave may do so now.第26页/共39页n n2)2)引导非限定性定于从句时，引导非限定性定于从句时，as a
28、s 和和 which which 的区别的区别n nA.asA.as的位置较为灵活，可放在主句前、主句中、或者主句的位置较为灵活，可放在主句前、主句中、或者主句后；后；whichwhich引导的从句只能放在主句后。引导的从句只能放在主句后。n nMore American troops are being sent to the Middle East,More American troops are being sent to the Middle East,as(which)I have learnt from the newspaper.as(which)I have learnt fr
29、om the newspaper.n nThe telephone,as we know,was the invention of Bell.The telephone,as we know,was the invention of Bell.n nB.asB.as后如果是被动语态，被动语态中的后如果是被动语态，被动语态中的bebe动词可省；动词可省；whichwhich后的后的be be 动词同样情况下则不可省。动词同样情况下则不可省。n nFootball and baseball,as played in the US today,are basically Football and b
30、aseball,as played in the US today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.modifications of games that originated in England.第27页/共39页n n4.wheren n相当于 in/at+whichn nThis company has now introduced a policy n n pay rises are related to performance at work.(1996)n nA.which B.whe
31、re C whether D what第28页/共39页n n5.whosen nWhose Whose 与名词搭配使用时，可以引导定语从句，在句中作主语或与名词搭配使用时，可以引导定语从句，在句中作主语或宾语；宾语；whose whose 可以指人也可以指物。可以指人也可以指物。n nThe house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.第29页/共39页n n6.6.结构结构“介词介词whom”whom”或或“which+which+不定式短语不定式
32、短语”n n二者作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。二者作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。n nShe is a pleasant girl with whom to work.She is a pleasant girl with whom to work.n nShe is a pleasant girl to work with.She is a pleasant girl to work with.第30页/共39页三、名词性从句三、名词性从句n n名词性从句指在一个句子中起名词性作用的主谓结构。它可以在主从复合句名词性从句指在一个句子中起名词性作用的主谓结构。它可以在主从复合句中作主语
33、、宾语、同位语和表语。名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序。中作主语、宾语、同位语和表语。名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序。第31页/共39页n n1.同位语从句n nA.news.news，ideaidea，factfact，promisepromise，questionquestion，doubtdoubt，thoughtthought，hopehope，messagemessage，suggestionsuggestion，knowledge,problem,belief,knowledge,problem,belief,certainty,concept,conclusion,informatio
34、n,statement,probability,certainty,concept,conclusion,information,statement,probability,answer,discovery,evidence,explanation,impression,answer,discovery,evidence,explanation,impression,n n同位于从句多用同位于从句多用同位于从句多用同位于从句多用thatthat引导，疑问代词用引导，疑问代词用引导，疑问代词用引导，疑问代词用who,which,what,who,which,what,疑问副词疑问副词疑问副词疑问
35、副词where,when,why,howwhere,when,why,how第32页/共39页n nThe news that he has won the game is exciting.n nIt is the question where we should have dinner.n nB.在结构on the assumption that,on the condition that,despite the fact that,on the understanding that,etc中，也可以用同位语从句。第33页/共39页n nJack lent me the money on
36、condition that I pay it back next month.n nThere is no doubt the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.(2011)n nA.whether B.that C.why D.when第34页/共39页n n2.宾语从句n n1）宾语从句的主要引导词有that,连接代词或连接副词what,which,where,how,why，连词whethern nI want to tell you what I hear.第35页/共39页n n2
37、)whatever,whichever,whoever 2)whatever,whichever,whoever 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句n nIll do whatever you want(me to).Ill do whatever you want(me to).n n3)3)在在in,but,except,save in,but,except,save 少数几个介词后可以接少数几个介词后可以接thatthat引导的宾语从句，引导的宾语从句，而且已经成为固定搭配而且已经成为固定搭配。n nThis paper is perfect This paper is perfect exc
38、ept thatexcept that there are some misspellings.there are some misspellings.第36页/共39页n n4)be+4)be+形容词后跟的从句形容词后跟的从句n n这类形容词有这类形容词有afraid,sorry,sure,glad,disappointed,delighted,afraid,sorry,sure,glad,disappointed,delighted,glad.glad.这类从句在概念上接近宾语从句，在结构上接近状这类从句在概念上接近宾语从句，在结构上接近状语。语。n nI am afraid I have
39、 made a serious mistake.I am afraid I have made a serious mistake.n nIm not sure whether he still works thereIm not sure whether he still works there.n nI am surprised I am surprised this city is a dull place to live in.(2006)this city is a dull place to live in.(2006)n nA.that you should think A.that you should think n nB.by what you are thinking B.by what you are thinking n nC.that you would think C.that you would think n nD.with what you were thinkingD.with what you were thinking第37页/共39页第38页/共39页