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1、传统能源动力装置（内燃机）高效利用替代燃料技术交流研讨会日程表时间：2010年4月2日至3日地点：B座三层多功能厅日期活动内容报告者2010 年4月2日 上午9:00 12:009:00欢迎词内燃机应用替代燃料的思考及几点意见未来发动机的替代燃料评价技术(Alternative Fuel Assessment for Future Engine Technologies)10:00 Tea Break 茶歇乘用车用点燃式Ml00甲醇发动机研发(Research and Development of Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Methanol for P
2、assenger Car)压燃式内燃机燃用M100甲醇技术研究(The analysis on compression ignition internal combustion engine with M100 methanol technology)中国内燃机工业协会中国内燃机工业协会Dr. Charles E. Roberts金先扬教授Mr Xian Yang Jin王天灵博士Dr. Wang Tianling12:00 Lunch 午餐2010 年4月2日下午13:30 17:30压燃式内燃机甲醇/柴油组合燃烧的研究及应用(Application of Alcoholic Fuel Ig
3、nited by Diesel Spray to CI Engines)二甲醍发动机的研究与开发(Research and Development of DME Engines)3:00 Tea Break 茶歇煤基低碳能源化工路线是中国替代能源的进展方向 (Coal-based low-carbon energy, chemical route is the development direction of Chinas alternative energy)甲醇燃料使用安全性(Safety Assessment of Using Methanol as an Alternative Fue
4、l)低排高效的天然气发动机技术(Natural Gas Engine Technology for Low Emissions and High Efficiency)姚春德教授Dr. Prof. Chunde Yao刘圣华教授Prof. Liu Shenghua方德巍教授Fang Dewei谢振华高级工程师Zhenhua XieMr. Timothy J Callahancharacteristics of unregulated emissions fuelling bio-diesel, as well as the achieved results of significant red
5、uction of particulate matter on diesel engine fuelled with high proportion of bio-diesel/diesel and the possibility to meet Chinese 4th stage Emission regulation without after-treatment, were analyzed. Finally, some suggestions for the popularization and application of bio-diesel as soon as possible
6、 on internal combustion engine for vehicle in China were put forward.九、江苏大学JiangSu University生物柴油的应用基础研究The Basic Research of Biodiesel Fuel王忠 Wang Zhong2009年我国汽车产销分别为1379.10万辆与1364.48万辆，成为全球汽车产 销第一大国。我国非道路用柴油机的总产量居全球第一，单缸柴油机年产量突 破900万台。2009年我国石油对外依存度达到52%,石油燃料的紧张已经威胁 到我国的能源安全。此外，非道路用柴油机的NOx与PM排放已占柴
7、油机排放 总量的20%与36%,应该引起人们的重视，针对非道路用柴油机尾气排放的问 题，美国EPA、美国加州空气资源局（CARB）、欧盟（EU）、日本均制定了较 严格的非道路用柴油机排放法规。报告分为3个部分，第一部分介绍了生物柴油的理化特性与燃料设计；第 二部分介绍了生物柴油的喷雾、燃烧过程研究情况；第三部分介绍了生物柴油 排放污染物（常规与非常规）的检测与操纵技术的研究。生物柴油是由动植物油脂与醇（比如甲醇或者乙醇）通过酯交换反应制得 的脂肪酸单烷基酯，最典型的为脂肪酸甲酯，生物柴油通常是由饱与脂肪酸甲 酯（C14:0C24:0）与不饱与脂肪酸甲酯（C16:1C22:1、C18:2、C18
8、:3）构成, 不饱与脂肪酸甲酯中双键的数量与位置对燃料十六烷值有很大的影响。生物柴 油是一种绿色、可再生清洁能源，具有闪点高，运输、储存安全的特点，并能 以任意比例与石化柴油掺烧，有利于维持全球二氧化碳排放平衡，减轻温室效 应。美国EPA研究结果说明，燃用生物柴油（BD100）能够使二氧化碳排放量 降低78%,致癌物成分减少94%,生物柴油的降解速度是传统柴油的四倍，是 唯一成功通过清洁空气法排放测试的燃料。欧洲生物柴油要紧应用在公路 运输、船舶航运、农业动力、家庭取暖等，同时具有完善的市场激励机制。我 国的柴油机燃用BD5生物柴油的可靠性试验结果说明，发动机长时间燃用BD5 生物柴油，性能不
9、可能出现恶化，零部件磨损与柴油基本一致。生物柴油整车排放结果说明，按照15循环测试，生物柴油HC、CO、PM排放下降幅度可达 50%左右，仅有NOx排放上升5.8%o报告介绍了国内外各高校、科研院所（德国Stuttgart大学、美国Pennsylvania 大学、英国Birmingham大学、美国Lawrence实验室、法国国家科学研究院） 在生物柴油基础理论领域的研究工作，重点介绍了我国在生物柴油的分子结构、 燃料组分、十六烷值、密度、碘值、运动粘度、低温流淌性、氧化安定性、喷 雾、燃烧等领域所开展的工作及成果。我国进展生物柴油产业面临的要紧挑战有：成本偏高、低温流淌性较差、 氧化安定性较差
10、、NOx排放较高等。生物柴油低温流淌性、氧化安定性等方面 存在的问题，能够通过技术手段解决，NOx排放能够降低到矿物柴油的水平， 并能够减轻二氧化碳排放。在生物柴油制备过程中，使用低饱与度原料油或者 较长链或者支链醇，能够获得良好的低温流淌性；在生物柴油使用过程中，添 加低温改进剂也能够有效改善生物柴油的低温流淌性。添加BHA、BHT、TBHQ 等抗氧化剂能够显著提高生物柴油的氧化安定性。使用过氧化法、抗氧化法、 微乳化法对生物柴油进行燃料的重新设计，能够将生物柴油NOx排放降低到超 低硫柴油的水平。生物柴油能够在国II、国III柴油机上长期燃用，柴油机性能 与燃烧矿物柴油的性能一样，具有满足
11、国IV排放标准的潜力，但需要开发相应 的燃料管理、排放操纵系统。矿物柴油与生物柴油的非常规排放污染物也同样引起了人们的重视，美国 环境保护署（EPA）、欧洲化学品管理署（ECHA）等纷纷制定法规限制柴油机 的非常规排放污染物。我国的大气污染物综合排放标准也有一些检测与限 制标准。报告还介绍了生物柴油与矿物柴油非常规排放污染物的研究情况。研 究结果说明，生物柴油（BD100）的残基类污染物低于矿物柴油（BD0）o总舞 基排放BD0 BD50BD100；苯系物排放BD0BD50BD100；总单环芳香炷排 放（MAHs） BD0BD50BD100o我国幅员辽阔，进展生物柴油产业有利于农产品深加工，提
12、高土地利用率, 增加农民收入，缓解我国能源短缺的现状。非道路柴油机移动范围小，生物柴 油存储、添加方便，来源丰富；减少运输成本，有利于环境保护；燃料泄漏对 土壤、河流、海洋不可能造成污染；在农业、林业、湖泊、海洋用的动力机械 有广泛应用前景。生物柴油的基础研究领域仍有许多工作需要开展，污染物的 生成机理、操纵策略、推广应用等等。Chinas automobile production and sale were 13.791 million and 13.6448 million in 2009. It is the worlds automobile production and sale
13、superpower, and Chinas non-road diesel engine production ranking first in the world. More importantly,Chinas oil dependency of import reached 52% in 2009, energy tensions becomes a great threat to national energy security. In addition, the NOx and PM emissions of non-road diesel engine have reached
14、20% and 36% of the total diesel engien emissions, which should cause peoples attention. U.S. EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB) and Japan have already developed more stringent non-road diesel engine emission regulations.This report is divided into three parts,the first part describes the phy
15、sical and chemical properties of biodiesel. The second part describes the research situation of spray and combustion process. The third section describes the detection and emission control technology of the biodiesel emission pollutants (conventional and unconventional).Biodiesel is a kind of single
16、-alkyl esters of fatty acids,which is produced from plant oils and animal fats with alcohol (such as methanol or ethanol) through the ester exchange reaction. Biodiesel is a green, renewable clean energy, with high flash point, storage security features, and it can be blended with fossil diesel fuel
17、 in any proportion. It is conducive to maintaining global carbon dioxide balance and reduce the greenhouse effect.The results show that the carbon dioxide emissions reduce by 78% when the engine fueled with biodiesel (BD100), the degradation of biodiesel was four times faster than fossil diesel, and
18、 the biodiesel fuel is the only one which successfully passed the Clean Air Law nemission test. Biodiesel fuel is mainly used in road transport, shipping, agriculture, home heating in European. The reliability test of diesel engine fueled with BD5 biodiesel show that the engine can be fueled with BD
19、5 biodiesel for a long time, and the performance will not deteriorate. In accordance with 15 cycle test, The HC, CO, PM emissions of biodiesel will decline for 50%, but the NOx emissions will increase by 5.8%.The basic theoretical research both in the domestic and international universities, researc
20、h institutes are described (University of Stuttgart, Germany, the United States University of Pennsylvania, the United Kingdom Birmingham University, the United States Lawrence Laboratory, French National Academy of Sciences) .The achievements in the field of the molecular structure of biodiesel, fu
21、el components, cetane number, density, iodine value, kinematic viscosity, low-temperature fluidity, oxidation stability, spray and combustion have also been described in the report.The major challenges for the development of biodiesel industry in china are, thehigh costs, the poor low-temperature fl
22、uidity and oxidation stability, the high NOx emissions. Nevertheless, the low temperature fluidity, oxidation stability and other problems can be resolved through technical means, and the NOx emissions can be reduced to the level of fossil diesel.The unconventional emissions of fossil diesel and bio
23、diesel should also cause peoples attention, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) have developed rules to restrict the unconventional emissions from diesel engine. There are also some restrictions on testing and standards in Chinas Air Pollutant Comp
24、rehensive Discharge Standard”. This report has also described the unconventional emissions of fossil diesel and biodiesel, and the results show that the carbonyl emissions, benzene emissions and the total MAHs emissions of biodiesel fuel are lower than fossil diesel.The development of biodiesel indu
25、stry will be conducive to the deep processing of agricultural products, improving land utilization and alleviate the energy shortage situation. Biodiesel fuel has extensive application prospects in agriculture, forestry, lakes, ocean power machinery. There are still much work need to be carried out
26、in the field of pollutant formation mechanism, control strategy, promote and so on.十、北京交通大学Beijing Jiaotong University气体燃料特性及其内燃机技术的探讨Gas fuel characteristics and gas engine technology张欣教授Xin Zhang本研究针对当前各类发动机替代气体燃料，在分析气体燃料的资源可获得 性，生命周期的能源效率与排放特性的基础上，重点进行气体燃料特性与传统 内燃机液体燃料的对比分析，进行替代气体燃料在内燃机上的应用潜力的讨论。
27、气体燃料不一致于汽油与柴油等传统的内燃机燃料，不一致点在燃料的构成 成分，化学物性与燃烧特性等特性。目前各国都希望通过推广应用资源相对丰 富的气体燃料，减少对石化燃料的需求，同时减少发动机对大气环境的污染， 因此高效低污染气体燃料发动机技术研究已成为进展清洁代用燃料内燃机领域 的重要研究方向之一。本报告所讨论的技术包含：气体燃料发动机燃烧技术、 排气后处理技术与发动机的操纵技术。同时也将介绍北京交通大学近年来在气 体燃料发动机领域开展的应用及基础理论研究。This study discusses the potential for use of various alternative gas
28、fuels for internal combustion engine applications. Based upon the analysis of resourceavailability, life cycle energy efficiency and emission characteristics of gas fuels, this study puts emphasis upon comparative analysis on the characteristics of the gas fuels and that of traditional liquid fuels
29、for internal combustion engine.Fuel components, chemical properties and combustion characteristics of gas fuels are different from those of gasoline, diesel and other traditional liquid fuels for internal combustion engine. At present, all countries want to promote the use of gas fuels which are rel
30、ative abundant to reduce demand for fossil fuels and atmospheric environment pollution. Therefore, the study on the gas engine featuring high efficiency and low pollution has become an important research direction in the field of the development of clean alternative fuel internal combustion engines.
31、 Technologies discussed include combustion of gas engine, exhaust aftertreatment and engine control. This presentation will also introduce some applications and basic theoretical research developed by Beijing Jiaotong University in recent years.卜一、上海华谊集团上海焦化有限公司Huayi Group Shanghai Coking & Chemical
32、 Corporation 甲醇燃料使用安全性Safety Assessment of Using Methanol as an Alternative Fuel 谢振华 Zhenhua Xie本报告针对使用甲醇燃料过程中的安全性展开相应四个方面的探讨。This report discussed the safety of using methanol as an alternative fuel in following four aspects.（一）由于我国能源国情“相对富煤”，甲醇能够由煤生产，国内甲醇产 能已有2800多万吨，同时也由于甲醇与汽柴油性能最为相近，因此从资源的支 持份额、
33、使用方便、价格便宜、环保清洁等考虑，甲醇是最为理想的汽车替代 燃料。在我国甲醇以各类比例掺混汽油使用于在用车辆、开发高比例掺混或者 M100纯甲醇专用发动机汽车等研究已有几十年历史，也有国际国内领先的应用 技术。1、The energy resource of china is relatively abundant of coal. Methanol can be made from coal and its productive capacity has reached more than 28 million tons per year. Since methanol has the p
34、roperties most close to those of gasoline and is liquid, convenient to use and transportation, as well as economic and environment friendly, it has become the most potential alternative fuel. There is a long history of the blends of methanol and gasoline at different levels for Spark Ignition engine
35、 to substitute a part of gasoline fuel. Furthermore, developing the blend with high percentage ofmethanol or M100 for vehicle engine has been carried out in the last several decades in China.（二）与汽油相比，甲醇热值低、气化潜热大、沸点高、蒸汽压低、闪点 高、自燃温度高、发火温度高、层流燃烧速度低，甲醇的爆炸极限低限值较高 这些性能指标关于甲醇燃料使用过程的燃爆操纵、消防管理都更安全。上海焦 化经上海市消
36、防协会专家咨询，已经获准甲醇加油站消防审批。2 Compared to gasoline, methanol has the properties of low calorific value, high latent heat of vaporization, high boil point, low vapor pressure, high flash point, high firing point, high ignition temperature, high speed of laminar flow combustion, high low-threshold of explos
37、ion etc. These properties indicate that it is safe in fire and explosion control while using methanol as fuel. Shanghai Coking Company has setup a methanol filling station approved by Shanghai fire control committee after consulting the experts in the related field.（三）甲醇对人体的毒性，国标GB5044-1985已明确定为“中等危
38、害”，甲 醇与乙醇毒性的动物实验数据分析，说明二者毒性相当，甲醇与乙醇用于车用 替代燃料对人体的影响都不必过于苛求。对“假酒案”的查询分析也说明甲醇 燃料市场管理需要正确认识甲醇的毒性。3、According to GB5044-1985, methanol is defined as a material with moderate toxicity. The experiments carried out on animals also showed the toxicity of methanol and ethanol is equal. The effect on human bod
39、y can be neglected when using methanol or ethanol as fuel. The adulterate alcohol accidents illustrated that we need to understand the toxicity of methanol exactly in the management of the fuel market.（四）甲醇汽车的尾气排放，常规排放优于汽油，非常规排放也并不比汽 油差。电控技术、尾气催化处理能够有效降低甲醛与甲醇的排放，但仍需要制 定有关标准。4、The vehicles while usin
40、g methanol have better regular emission than those of using gasoline, and not worse in irregular emissions. With electronic control technology and exhaust emissions aftertreatment like three way catalyze, the emission of formaldehyde and methanol can dramatically controlled under a very low level. H
41、owever, it is still necessary to establish standards related to emission control while taking methanol as fuel.十二、国家化工行业生产力促进中心China National Chemical Industry Productive Forces Promoted Center煤基低碳能源化工路线是中国替代能源的进展方向Coal-based low-carbon energy, chemical route is the development direction of Chinas a
42、lternative energy方德巍Fang Dewei本报告要紧阐述与报道了，以物质与节能、环保为要紧原则，并结合中国 的基本国情，探索后石油时代及以替代能源进展为战略重点的时代。根据科学进展的客观规律、分析与论证，进展的最佳选择是以煤基“多联 产”系统为基础，“甲醇体系低碳能源化工技术路线”为主体。This report mainly addresses, and press materials and two fundamental principles of conservation of energy and the earths effective protection of
43、the environment to consider the major principles, combined with Chinas national conditions to explore the energy transition of the post-petroleum era or the era of the strategic focus of the development of alternative energy sources. According to the objective laws of scientific development, analysi
44、s and argument the best choice for the focus of direction must be based on coal-based n multi-generationn systems-based nsystem for low-carbon energy, chemical technology, methanol linen as the main body.十三、同济大学汽车学院Tongji University, School of Automotive StudiesF-T合成燃料在车用发动机上的应用研究The Application Res
45、earch of Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) Diesel Fuel on Vehicle Engine楼狄明LOU Diming清洁代用燃料的研究是目前国内外新能源汽车领域研究工作的热点之一， 柴油代用燃料要紧有F-T柴油(天然气制合成油GTL、煤制油CTL)、生物柴油 (BTL)、二甲醍(DME)等。本文要紧介绍新型天然气制合成油(简称“GTL 柴油”)在发动机与整车上的应用基础研究，要紧就GTL柴油、及与石化柴油的 混合燃料的理化特性、发动机燃用GTL柴油的性能与燃烧特性、常规排放、非 常规排放、整车性能与排放等方面进行了大量的研究工作，突出了 GTL柴油在 先进的TDI柴
46、油机上使用的优点，同时证明了由气态液化后得到的液态燃料的 使用能够符合未来的环保要求。At present Jhe study on clean substitutive is one of hot headlines in the research field of new vehicle energy at home and abroad. As for Diesel Engine, alternative fuels are F-T Diesel(including Gas-to-Liquid Fuel, Coal-to-Liquid Fuel)、 Bio-diesel(Biomass-
47、to-Liquid DME(Dimethyl Ether) in general. This paper makesdeep research on GTL in the application of Engine and Vehicle, the detailed works cover the attributes of GTL and blended fuels of GTL and traditional diesel fuel, power performance and combustion characteristics, emission performance includi
48、ng regulated and unregulated emissions , vehicle integrated performance and emission performance. Most of the research is based on advanced TDI Engine and demonstrates lots of advantages concluding the Gas-to-Liquid Diesel meets the environmental requirements in the future.十四、同济大学生物柴油组分及与汽车匹配技术研究李理光
49、报告围绕近期完成的国家863项目，介绍了对国内20余家有代表性的生物 柴油生产商生产的各类生物柴油，包含大豆油、菜籽油、棉籽油、棕桐油、餐 饮废油等不一致生产原料与生产工艺的30余个样品所开展的生物柴油组分与燃 料特性分析与评价；针对生物柴油与燃料系统材料的兼容性所开展的不一致材 料一金属、橡胶、塑料等在生物柴油中的腐蚀性、溶涨性及其影响因素研究； 针对生物柴油在汽车应用方面所开展的乘用车先进TDI柴油发动机等燃用不一 致混合比例的生物柴油燃料的动力性、燃料经济性、排放性（包含常规排放及 非常规排放），与生物柴油发动机动力性、燃料经济性、排放性、可靠性、耐久 性综合试验研究；具有自主知识产权的能改善生物柴油燃料性能的专用添加剂 开发与研究；与3辆商用车与3辆轿车的5万公里行驶试验，系统评价生物柴 油燃料的整车习惯性。对我国现阶