四同位语从句译法.pdf

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1、-四、四、同位语从句的译法同位语从句的译法同位语是用来进一步解释名词或代词的，同位语可以是单词、短语也可以是从句。科技英语中，同位语从句也是常见的一种从句。同位语从句一般由that 引导，但也可以用关系代词 what,which,who,关系副词 when,where,why,how 或whether(if)引导。常被同位语从句解释和说明的名词主要有fact,thought,theory,idea,hope,news,doubt,conclusion,question,problem,evidence,certainty，belief,rumor,mystery,suggestion,orde

2、r,answer,decision,discovery,e*planation,information,knowledge,law,opinion,principle,truth,promisereport,statement,message,saying,rule等。同位语从句的译法主要有以下几种情况：一译成独立句一译成独立句有时可以把同位语从句译为一个独立的句子，这时其前可以增译即字，或采用冒号或破折号。较长的同位语从句汉译时常常采用此法。如：Einstein came to the conclusion thatthat thethe ma*imumma*imum speedspeed

3、possiblepossible inin thetheuniverse is that of light.universe is that of light.爱因斯坦得出这样的结论，即宇宙中的最大速度是光速。即宇宙中的最大速度是光速。Thereis few to support the view that in a highly efficient transit operation almost everythat in a highly efficient transit operation almost everyvehicle should be capable of running

4、 almost every service.vehicle should be capable of running almost every service.很少有人赞成这样的观点，即在高效的交通运输作业中，几乎每一种机动车都应能够完成几乎所有的效劳功能。即在高效的交通运输作业中，几乎每一种机动车都应能够完成几乎所有的效劳功能。Putting two and two together,he came to the conclusionthat mechanical energythat mechanical energyis different from electrical energy.

5、is different from electrical energy.他根据事实推断出一个结论：机械能不同于电能。机械能不同于电能。Wee to the conclusion that recognizable differences e*ist today between marine and that recognizable differences e*ist today between marine andnonmarinenonmarine forms.forms.我们所得出的结论是：在今天，海洋生物的形态和非海洋生物的形态在今天，海洋生物的形态和非海洋生物的形态之间存在着明显的差

6、异。之间存在着明显的差异。Copernicus challenged what had until then been the mostnatural of ideas:that our Earth was the center of the universe.that our Earth was the center of the universe.哥白尼向直到那时被认为是最天经地义的观念地球处于宇宙中心地球处于宇宙中心提出挑战。And there was the possibility thatthat a a smallsmall electricalelectrical sparksp

7、ark mightmight accidentallyaccidentallybypass the most carefully planned circuit.bypass the most carefully planned circuit.而且总有这种可能性一个小小的电火花，一个小小的电火花，可能会意外得绕过了最为精心设计的线路。可能会意外得绕过了最为精心设计的线路。有时为了修辞需要，也可以把同位语从句译成独立的句子，置于句首。如：The principle thatthat gasgas cancan functionfunction whilewhile e*pandinge*pan

8、ding has been applied to thesteam engine.气体在膨胀时能做工气体在膨胀时能做工，这一原理已应用于蒸汽机上。Translate by yourself:Translate by yourself:1We are all familiar with the factthat nothing in naturethat nothing in naturewillwill eithereither startstart oror stopstop movingmoving byby itself.itself.2At the end of last centur

9、y,animportant discovery was made,that everything was partly built of electrons.that everything was partly built of electrons.3In1905 Einstein worked out a theory thatthat mattermatter andand energyenergy werewere notnot pletelypletelydifferentdifferent things.things.4There arose the question wherewh

10、ere thethe equipmentequipment shouldshould bebeinstalled.installed.二二译成汉语的定语译成汉语的定语尽管同位语从句不是定语从句，但有时其意义上和形式上接近定语从句，故汉译时也常把同位语从句转译为定语。如：The possibility thatthat a a circuitcircuit breakerbreaker maymay failfail toto performperform itsits functionfunction,wheninstructed to do so,is higher than for pro

11、tection and trip circuit.这样做以后，断路器拒绝动作的断路器拒绝动作的可能性高于保护和跳闸回路失灵的可能性。We all know the fact that all elements are made up of atoms.that all elements are made up of atoms.我们都知道元素都是元素都是由原子组成的由原子组成的这一事实。The theory thatthat heatheat isis motionmotion e*plains simply how supplying heat to a gascauses its pres

12、sure to increase.热就是运动的热就是运动的理论清楚地解释了供应气体热量怎样引起气体的压力增加。-Translate by yourself:Translate by yourself:1Obviously there was little probability that they wouldthat they wouldsucceed in electrolysis.succeed in electrolysis.2The proposal that more equipment should be imported that more equipment should be

13、 importedfrom abroadfrom abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.3The problemthat all machines in this factory must be controlled by putersthat all machines in this factory must be controlled by puters willbe solved before long.三译成主谓构造词组类似宾语从句三译成主谓构造词组类似宾语从句有时同位语说明的名词常常含有动作意义，如 suggestion,assumptio

14、n doubt,hope 等。由于这样的名词在汉译中常常被转译成汉语的动词，故同位语从句往往随之被译为汉语的主谓构造的词组类似宾语从句。如：The assumption is made that the cylinder is a perfect nonconductor of heat.that the cylinder is a perfect nonconductor of heat.假定汽缸是一种完全的非导热体。汽缸是一种完全的非导热体。Quite apparent is the factthat most laser beams arethat most laser beams ar

15、ee*ceedingly directions,or highly collimated.e*ceedingly directions,or highly collimated.非常明显的是，大多数激光光束有良好的大多数激光光束有良好的方向性，或者说，具有高度的准确性。方向性，或者说，具有高度的准确性。It all helps the claimthat the raw material forthat the raw material forlife was imported from the clouds of space.life was imported from the clouds

16、 of space.所有这些都有助于说明，形成生命的原料形成生命的原料是从星际空间的尘云输入的。是从星际空间的尘云输入的。At that time,only a few scientists accepted the ideathat there had been a large island in what is now the deepest part of this sea.that there had been a large island in what is now the deepest part of this sea.那时，只有少数几个科学家认为现现在在这这个个海海域域最最深

17、深的的局局部部曾曾经经有有过过一一个个大大岛岛。Anoutstanding advantage is the fact that the a*ial clearance is not limited.that the a*ial clearance is not limited.其突出的一个优点就是轴向间隙不受限。轴向间隙不受限。Translate by yourself:Translate by yourself:1We were working on the supposition that they couldthat they couldimprove the ple*machine.

18、improve the ple*machine.2The workshop director e*pressed the hope that wethat wecould develop a new kind relay.could develop a new kind relay.3The old engineer made his suggestionthat thethat thenewnew nuclearnuclear powerpower stationstation shouldshould bebe builtbuilt onon a a smallsmall islandis

19、land offoff thethe coastcoast ofofZhejiang.Zhejiang.4 The governor made a decisionthat all the small thermal power plantsthat all the small thermal power plantswould be closed soon.would be closed soon.5An idea came to him that he might do the e*periment in that he might do the e*periment inanother

20、wayanother way四译成状语从句四译成状语从句名词 fact 可与*些特定的介词连用，后接的that 引导的同位语从句经常可以译为表示原因或让步的状语从句，这是可以把介词+fact+that 构造看作是复合的附属连词，如：Using a persons voice as an identifier is based on the factthat the geometry of on the factthat the geometry ofthe vocal tract differ greatly from person to person.the vocal tract diff

21、er greatly from person to person.由于每个人声道的几何形状大不一样，由于每个人声道的几何形状大不一样，因此可以利用人的语音来验明身份。译为原因从句In spite of the fact that there is no chemical union between o*ygen and hydrogen,In spite of the fact that there is no chemical union between o*ygen and hydrogen,the position of air is e*traordinarily constant.虽

22、然空气中所含的氧和氢之间没有化学上的结合氧和氢之间没有化学上的结合，但其比例却异常稳定。译为让步从句In consequence of the fact that molecules have perfect elasticity,In consequence of the fact that molecules have perfect elasticity,they undergo noloss of energy after a collision.由于分子具有完全的弹性，由于分子具有完全的弹性，因此分子碰撞后并没有能量损失。译为原因从句Translate by yourself:Tra

23、nslate by yourself:1Some necessary measures were adoptedin view of thein view of thefactthat the event had happened une*pectedly.factthat the event had happened une*pectedly.2Despite the fact that you areDespite the fact that you arenot the only person to blamenot the only person to blame,you are pr

24、incipally responsible for it.3The factory refuses to adopt the new process inin spitespite ofof thethe factfact thatthat thetheenvironment has been badly polluted.environment has been badly polluted.4People see things differentlyin the lightin the lightof the fact that they are materialists and idea

25、lists.of the fact that they are materialists and idealists.-五五there bethere be 句型中同位语从句的译法句型中同位语从句的译法翻译 there be 句型中的同位语从句往往采用顺译法，即按照句子原来的顺序翻译，并且在汉译时要注意运用汉语中一些约定俗成的表达词语。如：There is absolutely no questionthat acupuncture is promoted as a treatment forthat acupuncture is promoted as a treatment forpain

26、.pain.毫无疑问，针灸越来越多地被用来治疗疼痛。针灸越来越多地被用来治疗疼痛。There is evidence thatthat repeatedrepeatede*posure to shallower depths might also cause neurological damage.e*posure to shallower depths might also cause neurological damage.有迹象说明，频繁进展深度较浅的潜水也可能导致神经方面的损伤。频繁进展深度较浅的潜水也可能导致神经方面的损伤。There is a saying thatthat a a

27、chemical engineer can do anything.chemical engineer can do anything.常言道，化学工程师能做任何事情。化学工程师能做任何事情。There is apossibility that the thickness of filler plates for front and rear mount is different.that the thickness of filler plates for front and rear mount is different.有可能，安装在前部和后部的垫片厚度不同安装在前部和后部的垫片厚度不同

28、。Translate by yourself:Translate by yourself:1There is some doubt whether the hardened mandrelwhether the hardened mandrelshall be used for referee test purposes.shall be used for referee test purposes.2There is no certainty that the elastic that the elasticmaterial does not necessarily obey Hookmat

29、erial does not necessarily obey Hookes law.es law.3There are also suggestionsthat black holes could be used to create bombs in the future,by amplifying radiothat black holes could be used to create bombs in the future,by amplifying radiowaves sent up to them.waves sent up to them.4There was evidence

30、 that all atoms consist of a nucleusand electrons.第四节长句的翻译第四节长句的翻译长句子是科技英语的一大特点。造成英语句子长的原因很多，但最主要的原因是语言构造层次多而复杂：句子中并列成分多，各种短语、修饰语多，并列分句或各种从句多。由于长句子的这些特点，决定了我们进展长句子的翻译时，首先要弄清英语原文的句法构造，即长句中词与词、短语与短语、词与短语、句子与句子、主句与从句、从句与从句等各个构造层次之间的逻辑关系及意思。在理清关系的根底上，抓住句子的核心容，然后利用我们在前几章讨论的各种有关词，短语、并列句、复合句等翻译方法，再按汉语的表达方式

31、与习惯翻译出全句，要尽量做到既能正确地表达原文，又不拘泥于原文的形式。翻译英语长句，主要可采用以下四种方法。一、一、顺译法顺译法英语产生长句的原因我们已有所了解。如果英语长句所表达的事件是按照时间顺序或按照逻辑关系安排的，并与汉语表达方法根本一致时，便可按照原文的顺序翻译。如：例句一例句一 If such alloys possess other properties whichmake them suitable1for die casting,they are obvious choices for the process,2because theirlower melting point

32、 will lead to longer die lives3than would be obtained with alloys of higher melting points.4分析分析：如上所示，本句是由一个主句和四个从句组成。其句法构造依次是：1是if 引导的条件状语从句，其中包含 which 引导的定语从句修饰名词properties；2是主句；3是 because 引导的原因状语从句；4是 morethan 构造的比拟状语从句。翻译时采用顺译法先翻译第1局部：如果这类合金具有使它们适于压铸的其他性能其中的定语从句译为的字构造的定语，即使它们适于压铸的；再翻译第2局部：它们显然可以

33、被选来用于压铸；然后翻译第 3局部，即原因从句：因为它们熔点较低，所以可以延长压住模寿命，注意翻译原因状语从句时采用了分译法，即将其主语局部译成一个分句；最后翻译第4局部：比起高熔点合金来，并将此插译在原因状语从句中。译文：译文：如果这类合金具有使它们适于压铸的其他性能，它们显然可以被选来用于压铸，因为它们熔点较低，所以比起高熔点合金来可以延长压住模寿命。例句二例句二 However,even if prediction bees possible,However,even if prediction bees possible,people who-(1)(2)live in areas w

34、here earthquakesare a mon occurrence(2)(3)will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building(4)structuresthat are resistant to ground movementand by being(5)personally prepared.6分析分析：本句是由一个主句，三个定语从句和一个让步状语从句组成。其具体句法构造依次是：1是even if 引导的让步状语从句；2是定语从句修饰主句的主语people；3是 where 引导的定语从句修饰 areas

35、；4是主句其中主句的主语people 被两个定语从句隔开；(5)是第三个定语从句修饰building structures；需要注意的是主句中的两个by 引导的状语短语被 that 引导的定语从句隔开了。翻译时采用顺译法，这一点可以从以上例句所说明的序号清楚地看到。汉译时，先翻译第 1局部：即使可以预测；再翻译第2和3局部：居住在地震频发区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，其中所包含两个定语从句，who 引导的定语从句译为的字构造。Where 引导的定语从句采用短语法被译为地震频发请参考本书第十章第二节定语从句的译法；然后翻译第4局部：方法是建造的房屋，其中第5局部为定语从句被融合到第4局部，译为的字

36、构造的短语即能够抵抗地表运动的最后翻译地6局部：同时做好个人准备。译文：译文：然而，即使可以预测，居住在地震频发区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，方法是建造能够抵抗地表运动的房屋，同时做好个人准备。例句三例句三 The absence of pesticides and the emphasis on natural fertilizer1are designed not only to keep the e*periment as untainted as1possible,but also to protect the health of the human consumers;1because

37、 all the air and water in Biosphere II is continually2recycled and regenerated,it is important that no poisons be2 3introduced into the system anywhere.3分析：分析：该句是由两大局部组成，中间有分号隔开。分号前一局部为一个分句，其中包含有not onlybut also 连接的两个不定式短语to keep 与 to protect；分号后面的局部为一个主从复合句，它由because 引导的原因状语从句和 it 作形式主语的主句所组成，真正的主语

38、是 that 引导的主语从句。翻译此句可采用顺译法，先翻译第 1局部：不使用农药和强调天然肥料的目的不仅是为了使实验尽可能不被污染，也为了保护食用者的安康；再翻译第 2 局部：因为第二生物圈的空气和水全部是不断地再循环和再生的；最后翻译第3局部：所以在此生态系统中任何地方都没有毒物引入是很重要的。译文：译文：不使用农药和强调天然肥料的目的不仅是为了使实验尽可能不被污染，也为了保护食用者的安康。因为第二生物圈的空气和水全部是不断地再循环和再生的，所以在此生态系统中任何地方都没有毒物引入是很重要的。从以上例句中不难看出，绝对的顺译是不可能的，也没有必要这么做，局部地方对语序加以调整是允许的。Tra

39、nslate by yourself:Translate by yourself:1We believe that the ratio is modesthypercholesterolaemia since individuals with low or very-high cholesterol concentrations are unlikely to have their risk o f developing CHD(coronaryheart disease)altered either by HDL-C(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol)

40、measurement orthe calculation of the ratio.2Now,a team of astronomers has discovered evidence that the object,whateverit may be,is spewing vast quantities of energetic particles that collide with asurrounding irregular ring of cold hydrogen gas.3However,in cases that had episodes of increased PAP/AO

41、P ratio,the meanduration of function was increased to five days,and this was almost certainlyrelated to the use of continuous tolazoline infusion through the catheter.二、二、倒译法倒译法有些英语长句子的表达顺序可能与汉语的表达顺序正好相反，这种长句子在翻译时就得用倒译法。如：例句一例句一This rotating,lumpy doughnut provides strong evidenceThis rotating,lumpy

42、 doughnut provides strong evidence5 5that something e*otic is going on deep in the heart ofthat something e*otic is going on deep in the heart of6 6the Milky Way,the Milky Way,saidsaidTerry Jones,Terry Jones,an astronomer at thean astronomer at the6 6 4 4 3 3University of Minnesotawho,as a member of

43、 an internationalUniversity of Minnesotawho,as a member of an international 3 31 1team,has been studying the phenomenon.team,has been studying the phenomenon.2 2分析分析：这是一个主从复合句，由一个主句、一个宾语从句和两个定语从句构成。其具体构造为：4是主句；5和6是直接引语作谓语动词said 的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又含有 that 引导的定语从句修饰名词evidence；3是主语 Terry Jones的同位语；1和2是 who 引

44、导的定语从句修饰名词 astronomer,其中1是定语从句中由 as 引导的短语作方式状语。整个句子主要构造的翻译采用倒译法，翻译的顺序从例句中所标明的序号可一目了然。即先译1as 引导的方式状语：作为国际考察小组的一名成员，再译2定语从句：一直在对这个现象进展研究的定语从句译为的字构造的定语，然后将同位语短语3和主句的主语与谓语4合译为 明尼达大学天文学家特里琼斯说，最后翻译位于句首的宾语从句5和定语从句6这个不断旋转的像炸面饼圈样的凹凸不平的氢气环提供了有力的证据，说明在银河系中心深处有一种奇异的东西在活动。译文：译文：为国际考察小组的一名成员一直在对这个现象进展研究的明尼达大学天文学家

45、特里琼斯说：这个不断旋转的像炸面饼圈样的凹凸不平的氢气环提供了有力的证据，说明在银河系中心深处有一种奇异的东西在活动。例句二例句二Scientists are learning a great deal abouthow the large plates7 2in the earths crust move,the stresses between plates,how3earthquakes work,and the general probabilitythat given place will4 6 5have an earthquake,although they still cann

46、ot predict5 1earthquakes.分析分析：本句是由一个主句，四个并列宾语其中两个宾语从句，两个短语，一个定语从句和一个让步状语从句组成。其具体句法构造依次是：1 是 although 引导的让步状语从句；2是宾语从句；3是名词短语作宾语；4是宾语从句；5是定语从句修饰宾语-probability；6是名词短语作宾语；7是主句。整个句子主要构造的翻译采用倒译法，翻译的顺序从例句中所标明的序号可一目了然。汉译时，先翻译第 1局部：尽管科学家仍无法预测地震；再翻译四个并列宾语中的前三个即2、3 4局部：地壳中的大板块如何运动，板块间的压力如何，地震如何发生；然后翻译带有定语从句的第

47、四个宾语即5和6局部：*地区发生地震的一般概率为多少。最后翻译7即主句：他们了解得越来越多。译文译文：尽管科学家仍无法预测地震，但对地壳中的大板块如何运动，板块间的压力如何，地震如何发生，*地区发生地震的一般概率为多少，他们了解得越来越多。从上面的例句我们可以看出，即便是倒译法，也只是指整个构造上的句子倒译，不必也不可能要求句子的每个局部成分都采用倒译。Translate by yourself:Translate by yourself:1Just as a pace satellite,once it has got away from thepull of the earths atmo

48、sphere,continues to circle round and round the earth forever,so an electric current circling a frozen ringof mercury should continue to flow for ever,if the temperature is keptbelow theessential fourdegrees above absolute zero.2 It is very interesting to note the differently chosen operating mechani

49、sm by thedifferent manufacturers,in spite of fact that the operating mechanism has amajor influence on the reliability of the circuit-breakers.3Thus,marginal cost to the producer many fall below marginal cost from thepoint of view of the whole economy when e*tra output requires e*tra foreigne*change

50、 and when foreign e*change is particularly scarce.三、分译法三、分译法在英语长句子中，有时主句与从句，或短语之间关系并非十分严密，且有时翻译时为使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，使行文方便，往往可以将繁杂的长句子拆分开翻译。分译时，为了使译文语意连贯，常常可以适当地增译或者省译*些词语。如：例句一例句一 Theclassical metallurgical processes of smelting the o*ides1with carbon in the presence of a fusible slag,such as are used1 2