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1、Searle focused on what Austin had called illocutionary acts.His theory aroused great interest in both the philosophic and the linguistic circles.Many scholars continued to study this theory.John Searle(1932_),Professor of Philosophy at the University of California,Berkeley.Noted for contributions in
2、 the Philosophy of language,Philosophy of mind and consciousness,and on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities.第1页/共23页Speech Acts()Felicity conditionsTypology of speech actsIndirect speech acts1932.7.31AmericanphilosophyMore about Searle第2页/共23页Felicity conditionsFeli
3、cityconditionconstitutiverules:rulesthatcreatetheactivityitself(speechact)1)propositional content 2）preparatory condition 3）sincerity condition 4）essential condition Develop from original Austinian felicity condition第3页/共23页1)propositionalcontentItconcernsthestateofaffairsportrayedinanutterance.2）pr
4、eparatoryconditionReal-worldprerequisitesforthespeechact.3）sincerity condition It relates to speakers state of mind.4）essential conditionS intends that the utterance of T will place him under an obligation to do A.(Searle 1969:57-60)第4页/共23页指令或请求行为（for a request）允诺或承诺言语行为（for a promise）命题内容条件说话人讲出听话
5、人将要做的某事说话人讲出自己将要做的某事准备条件听话人能够实施某事（行为）说话人能够实施某事，听话人希望说话人试试某事真诚条件说话人希望听话人做某事说话人愿意做某事基本条件说话人试图让听话人做某事做某事是说话人应该承担的责任第5页/共23页Typology of Speech ActAustins taxonomyVerdictives:give a verdictExercitives:exercising power,rights or influenceCommissives:promising or otherwise undertakingBehabitives:showing at
6、titudes and social behaviorExpositives:utterance in the course of an argument or conversation第6页/共23页Searles TypologyAustinstypologyLack of unite standardClassification of verbs not speech actsSearle discussed twelve differences among speech actsFive prominent differences-group standard第7页/共23页a.Ill
7、ocutionary point the purpose or intention of an illocutione.g.Order-an attempt to get the hearer to do somethingb.Direction of fit between the words and world whether the content of uttered words for some acts matches the world,or the opposite e.g.promise-get the world to match wordsc.Expressed psyc
8、hological state e.g.a man who apologizes for doing A:expressed regret at having done A d.Propositional content is concerned with the reference and prediction of a locutione.g.a prediction:must be about the future第8页/共23页categoryExplanationIllocutionary actsDirection of fitPsychological stateRepresen
9、tatives Represent some state of affairsAssertions,claimsWords-world beliefDirectivesGet the addressee to do somethingCommands,orders,requestsWorld-wordswishCommissivesCommit the speaker to some future course of actionOffers,promises,threatsWorld-wordsintentionExpressivesExpress a psychological attit
10、ude or state in the speakerApologizing,congratulating,thankingWords-psy chologicalworldfeelingsDeclarationsBring about a state of affairsMarrying,naming,arresting,firing from employmentbothSearles taxonomy of speech actsThe soldiers are struggling on through the snowTurn the TV downIll be back in te
11、n minutesWell done,Elizabeth!I now pronounce you husband and wife第9页/共23页What is Indirect Speech Acts?In indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared background information,both linguistic and nonlinguistic,together
12、 with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer.-By J.R.SearleIndirect Speech ActsConventional(规约性)non-conventional（非规约性）第10页/共23页Conventional Indirect Speech ActConventional indirect speech act refers to the indirect speech acts people derived from the“literal force”
13、of the sentence through a general derivation.Searle said that a speaker using a direct speech act wants to communicate the literal meaning that the words conventionally express;there is a direct relationship between the form and the function.第11页/共23页Non-conventional Indirect Speech ActNon-conventio
14、nal indirect speech act is much more flexible that the conventional indirect speech act.The hearers can not infer the speakers meaning from the linguistic forms mainly depend on the mutual knowledge among speakers and hearers and the contexts.Searle explained that someone using an indirect speech ac
15、t wants to communicate a different meaning from the apparent surface meaning;the form and function are not directly related.第12页/共23页Example:A:Lets go out for a walk.B:A friend of mine is coming soon.Common sense:the answer is acceptance or rejection or demand for explanationAdditional meaningBut Bs
16、 answer is not a relevant response.A knows Bs obligation to wait for the friend.B can not accept the proposalBs primary illocutionary point is to reject the proposal.第13页/共23页Indirectness is costly and riskyMrs.Zhang:Yourdaughterhasstartedtakingpianolessons,hasntshe?Ienvyyou,becauseyoucanbeproudofhe
17、rtalent.Youmustbelookingforwardtoherfutureasapianist.Iamreallyimpressedbyhertalent-everyday,shepracticessohard,forhoursandhours,untillateatnight.Mrs.Yang:Oh,no,notatall.Sheisjustabeginner.Wedontknowherfutureyet.Wehadntrealizedthatyoucouldhearherplaying.Iamsosorryyouhavebeendisturbedbyhernoise.第14页/共
18、23页Four principles for understanding indirect speech acts-BY Searle 1.Conmmon background knowledge(linguistic and non-linguistic)2.listeners understanding and reasoning capabilities3.Speech act theory4.Conversation cooperation principle.第15页/共23页The classification of utterances into categories of in
19、direct and direct speech acts is not an easy task,because much of what we say operates on both levels.Example in Text C by Barker.第16页/共23页Some sentences in the performance of indirect directives1.Concerning Hearers ability to perform action Can you?Are you able to?2.Concerning Speakers wish or want
20、 that Hearer will do action I would like you to I want you to Id rather you didntIndirect directive第17页/共23页3.Concerning Hearers doing action Officers will hence forth wear ties at dinner Will you quit making that awful racket?4.Concerning Hearers desire or willingness to do action Would you be will
21、ing to write a letter of recommendation for me?Do you want to hand me that hammer over there on the table?第18页/共23页5.Concerning reasons for doing action It would be a good idea if you left town.Wed all be better off if youd just pipe down a bit.6.Sentences embedding one of these elements inside anot
22、her;also,sentences embedding an explicit directive illocutionary verb inside one of these contexts.Would you mind awfully if I asked you if you could write me a letter of recommendation?I hope you wont mind if I ask you if you could leave us along.第19页/共23页Regulative and Constitutive rulesRegulative
23、rules:controlantecedentlyexistingactivities,e.g.ifXdoYwhenthetrafficlightisred,youshouldnotcrosstheroadConstitutiverules:thekindthatcreateorconstitutetheactivityitself(theconceptualform:doingXcountsasY)e.g.therulesofagameYoushootthefootballintootherteamsdoorandyourteamgetonepoint.第20页/共23页Illocution
24、ary force and propositional contentSearledoesnotpreciselydefinetheillocutionaryforceassuch,butratherintroducesseveralpossibleillocutionaryforcesbyexample.AccordingtoSearle,thesentences:1.Samsmokeshabitually.2.DoesSamsmokehabitually?3.Sam,smokehabitually!4.WouldthatSamsmokedhabitually!第21页/共23页Thanks for listening第22页/共23页感谢您的观看！第23页/共23页