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1、12023/2/23In this chapter,students are required to master the financial origin and development,as well as financial nature,characteristics and concepts.They should understand the evolution of the financial theory in China and the West,and should be familiar with the content,perspectives and methods
2、of studying Public Finance.Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives第1页/共50页22023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Origin of Finance u()The Process of Fiscal OriginFinance is an ancient historical category,and it emerges with the development of social productivity and the emergenc
3、e of the state.Early in primitive society,the environment is very bad for human beings.In order to resist the invasion from the outside world,people can only gather together and produce extremely few labor products shared by all members,using the most primitive means of production and working togeth
4、er.With the improvement of productivity,animal husbandry and handicrafts began to separate from agriculture,and a simple exchange of commodities traders appeared,so,in addition to meeting the minimum needs of the people,the products produced by the whole community are also in the surplus.Thus,privat
5、e ownership also produces.第2页/共50页32023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Origin of Financeu()The Process of Fiscal OriginSince then,due to the amount of uneven private property occupied by people,the divison between rich and poor is gradually intensifying,and society as a whole
6、 is splitting up into two great classes directly facing each other-slaves and slave owners.In order to consolidate its dominance,protect its vested interests and suppress the revolt of the slaves,the slave-owner class established military,police,courts and prisons and other violent governing institu
7、tions,which marks the birth of slave-owners revolt.第3页/共50页42023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Origin of Financeu()The Process of Fiscal OriginState,as an administrative organization,needs to consume some physical materials to maintain its own existence and perform its funct
8、ions,although it does not engage in producing the physical materials in itself and it does not directly create wealth.Thus,country compulsively and gratuitously possesses part of the social products to meet its need,relying on its own political power as well as the use of faxes and other forms.In th
9、is way,in the distribution of the social products,the distribution of the social products participated by country with its own political power is independent,which is called financial allocation.第4页/共50页52023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Origin of Financeu()The Conditions o
10、f Financial OriginFrom the above-mentioned process it can be seen that the generation of the finance needs to meet two conditions:one is the economic conditions,the other is the political one.Economic conditions refer to the material basis of generating finance.If the level of productivity in a soci
11、ety is extremely low,there is no surplus,the possibility of financial generation does not exist.Only when the productive forces reach a certain level,and the surplus products emerge,the material basis of financial generation can be produced.第5页/共50页62023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Fi
12、nance、The Origin of Financeu()The Conditions of Financial OriginPolitical conditions refer to the power guarantee generated by finance.Only when society develops into a certain stage and the contradiction of two great opposite classes-the poor and the rich,becomes irreconcilable,power organ,that is,
13、state will appear which safeguards the interests of the ruling class.Establishing a state and setting up the violent ruling authority provide right guarantee to the country gratuitously possessing part of social products.At the same time,the emergence also means the generation of finance.第6页/共50页720
14、23/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Origin of Financeu()The Conditions of Financial OriginObviously,finance is not only a historical category,meanwhile,it is also an economic category and even a political category.第7页/共50页82023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance
15、、The Development of Finance Finance emerges from the emergence of state,and it develops with the development of state.It goes through slave society,feudal society,capitalist society,and socialist society in succession.Correspondingly,forming into slavery finance,feudalism finance,capitalist finance
16、and socialist finance which provide services to state power with different social formations.第8页/共50页92023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Development of FinanceIn different historical periods,finance,as the countrys allocation,is accompanied with the development of commodity
17、monetory economy and the social progress,and its distribution formation experiences the conversion from physical form to currency form.The form of its income transits from tribute,taxes and government-industry-based income to taxes,bonds and even currency issue;its expenditure focus is also oriented
18、 from worship,wars,the royal families,government pensions and others to regime construction,economic development,culture,education and technology as well as social security.第9页/共50页102023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Development of FinanceIn addition,new financial category
19、also continues to emerge,such as public debt in the late feudal society,as well as national budget,financial deficit,social security and others in the capitalist period;the scope and fields of financial activities are also continuously to be expanded,from public avenue and expenditure to an importan
20、t means to regulate the economy by the government,and it is widely served for the government to achieve all aspects of its functions.第10页/共50页112023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Nature and Characteristics of Financeu()The main body of financial allocation is state or govern
21、mentThe allocation,on the premise of the existence of state,is intensively distributed in the whole society by the government and is made by political enforcement of the country,so state is the main body of the allocation.But the main body of the other distribution form such as bank credit allocatio
22、n,distribution of corporate finance and price distribution is a bank,an enterprise or buyers or sellers of both exchangers,and the allocation under the guidance of the state is financial allocation.第11页/共50页122023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Nature and Characteristics of F
23、inanceu（）The object of financial allocation(that is,target)is social productsSocial products refer to the sum of the goods and services produced by the workers in a country,during a given period(usually one year),and its general price is social products value.第12页/共50页132023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin
24、and Development of Finance、The Nature and Characteristics of Financeu（）The object of financial allocation(that is,target)is social productsAccording to Marxist Economic Theory,any social product consists of three parts,that is:the part of the production value to in the process of compensating for th
25、e production has consumed(c);the value part workers to create for their own(v);part of the value created for society by workers(M).Among them,the consumed production value also includes current asset values and fixed assets value as two parts,the consumed value of fixed assets is reflected to extrac
26、t the depreciation of fixed assets.第13页/共50页142023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Nature and Characteristics of Financeu（）The object of financial allocation(that is,target)is social productsIn different periods,the state has different distribution policies on the three compon
27、ents of the social product or social value of the product distribution.In general,revenue mainly comes from the v and M part in the social product(value),the two parts as the new value created by workers,together known as the national income.Which,as value M created by workers for the community,is t
28、he base of corporate income tax,and also an important source of revenue.In addition,the State will raise fiscal funds from the V by collecting individual income tax on individual income.第14页/共50页152023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Nature and Characteristics of Financeu（）The
29、 purpose of financial allocation is to meet the financial needs that state or government achieve its functionsuState functions such as consolidation of political power,economic development,promoting the peoples livelihood progress,etc.,all belong to social and public needs.The direct purpose of fisc
30、al allocation is to achieve the state functions,and the indirect purpose is to meet social and public needs.In a sense,the state and finance is interdependent.No country,there would be no finance;and no finance providing fiscal resources,the states functions would be difficult to achieve,it is diffi
31、cult to meet the social and public needs,the state itself is difficult to survive.Because taxation is the milking mother to feed the machinery of government,“taxation is the economic foundation of the machinery of government.whether to consolidate political power or economic construction or not,as t
32、he countrys revenue and expenditure activities,achieving the government functions depends on financial resources to provide.第15页/共50页162023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Concept of Finance Finance is part of foreign language.According to research,the word Finance in the 13-1
33、5 century AD,originated in the Latin,and its meaning is the currency to pay.In the late 16th century,the French statesman Boudin in his book Republic of six speakers,with the word Finance and it is written in French Finances from the Latin Finare,specifically refers to revenue and public finance act
34、ivities.To the 18th century,the famous British representatives of classical political economy Adam Smith used Finance many times,in its masterpiece,the book The nature and causes of national wealth of research.Until 1892,Bastable expressed the concept of finance with Public finance(the meaning is pu
35、blic finances in Chinese).第16页/共50页172023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origin and Development of Finance、The Concept of FinanceAfter the founding of new China,although the former Soviet textbooks were introduced in,but it is for the financial understanding of the concept is not consistent.At that time the Finan
36、cial definitions There are two main arguments:First,that the financial capacity of a state as the main distribution carried out;the second is that finance is the states economic activity.After the founding of new China,although the textbook of the former Soviet Union was intrduced into China,people
37、were inconsistent in understanding the concept of finance.At that time as for the definition of finance,there is two main arguments:The first is that finance is the allocation based on the country;the second is that finance is economic activities of the country.第17页/共50页182023/2/23Lesson 1 The Origi
38、n and Development of Finance、The Concept of FinanceSince reform and opening,with the spreading of Western finance theory,people have a further understanding of financial knowledge,and now the usual explanation is:the finance is economic(or distribution)activity,economic behavior or economic phenomen
39、on taking a state(or government)as the main body.And some general concept of the financial statements as:finance is an economic activity taking state as the main body,and an activity that the government gathered a part of national income for the performance of government functions and to meet public
40、 expenditure needs,in order to achieve the objective to optimize the allocation of resources,equitable distribution and economic stability and development.No matter how to define the concept of finance,but in practice,finance performs as the governments a range of revenue and expenditure activities
41、or the Governments fiscal activities.第18页/共50页192023/2/23Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory.Chinas ancient financial thought（）Light Tax Polices Light tax policy is considered to be a more common policy in the history of Chinas financial thought.Economic thinkers of the past gener
42、ally believe that the financial policy of light tax policy is not only beneficial to easing up social conflicts,but also favorable for recovery and development of social economy.For example,in Western Zhou Dynasty,Zhou Gong advocates that the rulers should“be diligent in work and make people richer”
43、;in Spring and Autumn period,Guan Zhong arranges the finance according to the view that“the first principle in running a state is to enrich the people”;第19页/共50页202023/2/23Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory.Chinas ancient financial thoughtu（）Light Tax PolicesConfucius is against
44、tyranny and is in favor of grabbing their thin;Mencius believes that easy to raise their fields,their thin tax grabbing is the primary factor in enriching people;Liu Yan in Tang Dynasty warns his king to financial support to people and often for the first;Wang Anshi in Northern Song thinks that,fina
45、ncing should be done with because of the power of the world to the worlds financial health,to take the worlds wealth for the world of money;Wei Yuan in Qing Dynasty said more figuratively,he said,good people are endowed,which is almost like planting willow,its branches luxurying and cultivating its
46、root;those who are poorly endowed people like cutting leek,cutting on a stretch not more than exhausted.第20页/共50页212023/2/23Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory.Chinas ancient financial thoughtu()Living within ones income and Living out of ones income within system financial thinki
47、ngThis is the the two opposing views concerning with fiscal revenue and expenditure arrangements in the history of Chinas fiscal thought.u（）Financial thinking Increasing income and reducing expenditureThe idea advocated based on the development of production,to open fiscal sources,moderate taxes,and
48、 enrich the state and its people.第21页/共50页222023/2/23Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory.Chinas ancient financial thoughtu（）Financial thinking of Government-run monopolyThe idea refers to enrich the treasury not by increasing the tax but by government-run industries and businesses
49、 as well as products monopoly.第22页/共50页232023/2/23Lesson2 The Origin and Development of Financial Theory.Contemporary Financial Theory of the Westu()the financial thoughts of mercantilism and physiocracyMercantilism originated in England of the mid-16th century,and prevailed in the 17th century.It i
50、s believed that a countrys economy depends on the amount of gold in the country,that the government should intervene private economic activities by actively applying various instruments including financial means,in particular,tariff policy should be used to encourage exports to protect their trade a