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1、 The subject of this course:Language system:Sound system,for phonology(音系学)Meaning system,for semantics(语义学)Rule system,for grammar study This course studies the syntactic rules.第1页/共68页Different levels of forms in English:（Discourse Text）SentenceClausePhraseWordMorpheme第2页/共68页 A）Morphemes(词素)Engli
2、sh morphemeFree morphemeBound morpheme (自由词素)(粘附词素)e.g.man friende.g.im-y take luck pre-ess (as roots,stems，词根、词干)(as affixes，词缀)第3页/共68页Affixes：（词缀的结构分类）1 prefix(前缀)：pre-war,antibody,impossible 2 suffix(后缀)：careful,farmer,nicely,homely3 infix(中缀)：foot feet,statesman第4页/共68页 词缀的功能分类：一些词缀是句法性的(syntac
3、tic)，如：-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectional affix(屈折词缀)；其他如：-s -ed -est”另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic)，例如：-er作为名词词尾，表示“one who”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivational affix(派生词缀)”第5页/共68页 Next,lets look more closely at some examples of stems,affixations and their roles in forming English words.（I have prepar
4、ed a list of the stems,prefixes and suffixes of English words,which is in a Word file.If you are interested,you can copy it after class.）第6页/共68页1）Examples of Prefixes:a-,an-/without,lacking,not/asymmetric,apolitical,asexual,anarchy bi-/two/bicycle,bilateral,biped,bipolar,bivalence 第7页/共68页 形式有差异，但意
5、义相同的词缀：（词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）：com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-/together,with/combine,compassion,concentric circle,contract collaborate,colleaguecorrespond,correlationcooperation,coworker第8页/共68页 形式相同，但意义不同的词缀：im-,in-,il-,ir-/in,into,on/immigrant,import,income,illustration,irrigation (通常为名词、动词)im-,in-,il-,ir-/not
6、/impossible,immature,ineffectual,illegal,irresponsible（通常为形容词）第9页/共68页反义词缀：inter-/between/international,interpersonal,internet,intergroupintra-,intro-/within/intranet,intragroup,introduction,introspectionsub-/under/subject,submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonic supermarket,superpower 第10页
7、/共68页反义词缀：macro-/big/macrocomputer,macrocontrol,macroeconomy micro-/small/microcomputer,microcontrol,microeconomy 第11页/共68页同义、近义词缀：anti-/against/antibiotic,antibody,antisocial,antifascist contra-/against/contradiction,contrastcounter-/against/counteract,counterpart,counterrevolution,counterclockwise
8、第12页/共68页同义、近义词缀：demi-/a half or a part of/demi-god,demilune,semi-/half,partly/semiconductor,semifinal,semicircle,hemispherefore-/before,in front of/forehead,forestall,forefather,forerunnerpre-/before/prewar,prepare,preposition,preschool 第13页/共68页2）Examples of Suffixes:有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义：-ness /added to a
9、djectives to form nouns/carelessness,goodness,laziness,drowsiness -sumption/noun form for verbs ended with-ume/assumption,consumption,resumptionassume assumption第14页/共68页有些后缀则既有句法意义，也有语义意义：-able,-ible /adj.capable of,fit for/eatable,workable,considerable,sizable,feasible -oid /n.like,resembling/aste
10、roid,anthropoid,mongoloid 第15页/共68页 有些后缀具有不同的意义（例如相反意义）：-er,-or,-eer /n.one who/worker,officer,operator,actor,engineer,profiteer -ee /n.one who(usu.in passive sense)/interviewee,testee,fiancee,employee 第16页/共68页 3）Examples of Stems:-anim-/spirit/animal,unanimous,magnanimous -aqua-/water/aquatic spor
11、ts,aquarium,aquanaut -auto-/self/autobiography,automation,automobile,autism 第17页/共68页 -cap-,-capit-/head,chief/capital,captain,decapitation,per capita income -dict-/say,speak/dictation,dictionary,dictator,contradiction -son-/sound/subsonic,consonant,resonant,ultrasonic 第18页/共68页小贴士：词根的典故：Cesar:Veni,
12、Vidi,Vinci!“-ven-,-vent-/come/intervene,prevent,convention -vid-,-vis-/see/video,visualize,vision,vista -vinc-,-van-/conquer/victory,invincible,vanquish,vanity 第19页/共68页 Just a small quiz,before we go on:Do you know these words and if not,can you figure out their meanings:docudrama netizen ultramode
13、rnhydrotherapy retrospect transplant clockwise,counterclockwise testwise第20页/共68页 Can you make out the meaning of this word：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 第21页/共68页词中，词根词缀的含义：-pneumono-pneumonia,pneumatic gunultra-ultrasonic,ultravioletmicro-microcomputer,microphone-scop-telescope,mic
14、roscopesilicon 硅volcano 火山-coni-of cones-osis （病名后缀）tuberculosis,scoliosis 第22页/共68页 The meaning of the word：pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is this in Chinese：硅酸盐沉淀病英语的大词比小词容易记。第23页/共68页 Now lets go to the next level of grammar：the word level.第24页/共68页 B)Words:Types of English Words I
15、n terms of function（按功能分）Closed class words(封闭类词，虚词)Open class words(开放类词，实词)第25页/共68页Closed class words (function words,封闭类词，虚词)这类词无词形变化，数量小Preposition,pronoun,determiner,conjunction,auxiliaryand in the they shall第26页/共68页Open class words(content words,开放类词，实词)noun,adjective,adverb,main verb,numera
16、ls(cardinal,ordinal)这类词有词形变化，数量很大boy boys good bestthree thirty borrow borrowed borrowing第27页/共68页 Types of English Words In terms of structure（按结构分）1）simple words（简单词）2）derivative words（派生词）3）compound words（复合词）第28页/共68页1)Simple word（简单词）Also called“morpheme word，单词素词”（不能再分为更小的词素）e.g.:foot,head,car
17、,near,by,in 第29页/共68页2)Derivatives(派生词)：Formed by:stem+affixese.g.:uncover;harmless;education【e-duc-at -ion】Review:Syntactic affixes:worked,redden,gracefulSemantic affixes:superman,cooker,antibody第30页/共68页须注意：syntactic和semantic的区分不是绝对的，句法性词缀也可能有语义价值：employer vs.employee trainer vs.traineeinterviewer
18、 vs.interviewee而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性：beautiful vs.handfulpsychotic /neurotic antibiotic /army medic第31页/共68页 3)Compounds(复合词)：In English,many words are formed by combining two or more words together and these words are called compound words.Content words such as nouns,verbs and adjectives can all be for
19、med in this fashion.第32页/共68页Compounding:the combination of different words or word parts to form a new word:A)Compound Nouns:n.+n.workshop,bookshelf,lifesaver,color-film pron.+n.she-wolf,he-bear,he-man n.+v.sunrise,sunset,shoplift,power-cut v.+n.scarecrow,telltale,breakfast,turncoat a.+n.greenhouse
20、,red-tape,busybody,bluebook第33页/共68页B)Compound Adjectives:a.+n.+ed.smooth-tongued,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,high-nosed n.+v.+ed.heart-broken,weather-beaten,home-made,heartfelt第34页/共68页n.+v.+ing.peace-keeping,law-abiding,time-saving,truth-telling,fact-findingn.+a.blood-thirsty,ice-free,snow-white,ho
21、mesick 第35页/共68页a.+n.high-grade,first-class,long-range,new-type,second-hand a.+a.bloody-red,bittersweet,dead-alive,white-hot 第36页/共68页v.+a.test-wise,failsafe,diehard,talk-big prep.+n.indoor,overhead,aboveboard,onlinehyphen conj.out-of-door,life-and-death,wait-and-see第37页/共68页C)Compound Verbs:adv.+v.
22、to overtake,to uplift,to uproot,to underline,to downplay,to uploadn.+n.to brainstorm,to streamline,to dog-ear,to windsurf,to showcase第38页/共68页n.+v.to air-drop,to eavesdrop,to breastfeed,to nose-dive,to masterminda.+v.to safeguard,to whitewash,to blindfold第39页/共68页 Just a small quiz,before we go on:C
23、an you figure out the meanings of these compounds:think-tank,kill-joy,apple-polisher half-hearted,honey-mouthed,far-reaching,ill-fitting to cold-shoulder,to mass-produce 第40页/共68页 The answer to the quiz:think-tank(智库),kill-joy(扫兴的人/事),apple-polisher(马屁精)half-hearted(不热心的),honey-mouthed(甜言蜜语的),far-re
24、aching(影响深远的),ill-fitting(不合身的)to cold-shoulder(让吃闭门羹),to mass-produce(规模化生产/批量生产)第41页/共68页 Other patterns of word formation：There are also other ways to form English words,which constitute several patterns of English word-formation.Next,lets take a look at these patterns.第42页/共68页Pattern I.Phrase-h
25、yphen,most of the words formed this way are adjectives:a damned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-dont choice a not-so-strong team;the no-war,no-peace stalemate;the cards-on-the-table approach;the ends-justify-means philosophy;Also nouns,such as：forget-me-not第43页/共68页Pattern II.Conversions,the shift of the
26、parts of speech of a word:n.v.to knife,to house,to water,to eyeball,to wine and dinev.n.give somebody a push,this years pick,a cheat,to give it a rethinka.n.the old,the rich,the accused,through thick and thin,the illegal第44页/共68页Pattern III.Blending,the merge of word parts to form a new word:head+en
27、ding:smog,motel,heliport,brunch word+ending:workaholic,netizen,lunarnaut head+word:medicare,psywar,telediagnosis cyberpolice head+head:comsat,Amerind,memcom,telex第45页/共68页Pattern IV.Clipping,removing some part of a word to make it shorter while keeping the meaning:A:tail-clipping:ad,lab,heli(copter)
28、,math,gym,biz,bike,comfy,autoB:head-clipping:bus,shute,phone,(heli)copter,plane,quakeC:head and tail clipping:fridge,flu,tec第46页/共68页Pattern V.Acronym,the formation of a new word from the initial letters of a phrase:radar:radio detecting and ranging laser:light-wave amplification by stimulated emiss
29、ion of radiation AIDS:acquired immunity deficiency syndrome 知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗：UFO,UNESCO,VIP,WHO,NATO,OPEC,ASEAN第47页/共68页Pattern VI.Formation of words from proper nouns:roentgen,watt,hertz,volt,ampere,pasteurize,champagne,waterloo,water-gate,xerox,Marxism,Reaganomicsto clinton to lewenski？第48页/共68页 Next
30、,lets go to the next level of grammar：the phrase level.第49页/共68页C)Phrases(短语、词组)Phrases of English NPVP AdjP AdvP PrepP“P”means“phrase”.第50页/共68页 1.NP(noun phrase 名词短语)：中心语为名词(det.)+(modifier)+Noun+(modifier)e.g.:a lazy boy still asleep the earthquake of Richter magnitude 8 with the epicenter at Yin
31、gxiu the hottest hotpot that I have ever tasted since I came to Sichuan第51页/共68页 NPs that might be misinterpreted：dead president sweat water blind date handwriting on the wall dry goods第52页/共68页 NPs that might be misinterpreted：dead president：美钞 sweat water：淡水 blind date：男女初次会面（他人安排）handwriting on t
32、he wall：不祥之兆 dry goods：(美)纺织品；(英)谷物第53页/共68页 2.VP(verb phrase 动词短语)：中心语为动词 simple VP:Main Verb+(modifier)e.g.:I hate English grammar plex VP:Auxiliary+Main Verb+(mod.)e.g.:We are going to sleep away the class.I would have been to Wenchuan as a volunteer worker,if I had not had to go to school now.第5
33、4页/共68页Finite VP:(affected by tense,or person)e.g.:The boy eats the stone.The boy ate the stone.The boys have eaten the stone.Infinite VP:(unaffected by tense,or person)e.g.:You are the last person I want to see.Kissed by mosquitoes,I feel/felt itchy.第55页/共68页 VPs that might be misinterpreted：to pul
34、l ones legto bring down the houseto pull up ones socksHe is easily taken in.See the following page for the answers.第56页/共68页 VPs that might be misinterpreted：to pull ones leg：开某人的玩笑to bring down the house：震耳欲聋的声响to pull up ones socks：鼓起勇气He is easily taken in.：他极易上当受骗。第57页/共68页 3.AdjP(adjective phra
35、se 形容词短语)：(modifier)+Adjective+(compliment)e.g.:The College Entrance Examinations of this year were extremely easy.English grammar learning is too boring to be enjoyable.I am more than happy to accept your invitation to dinner.第58页/共68页 4.AdvP(adverb phrase 副词短语)：(modifier)+Adverb+(modifier)e.g.:We
36、live far away from downtown Chengdu.Good table manner means that you have to eat in such a way that no noise emits.第59页/共68页5.PrepP(prepositional phrase 介词短语)：(modifier)+preposition+compliment e.g.:Dont be a giant of words,but a dwarf of deeds.Boys revolve around girls,just like the Earth around the
37、 Sun.第60页/共68页D)Clauses and Sentences:Theoretically,a sentence a clause,because a sentence can be formed by two or more clauses.However,in many cases,a clause can be a sentence.For instance:“I know it”is an independent,simple clause,but it is also a simple sentence.第61页/共68页 A sentence(and clause)ha
38、s a structure of“subject+predicate”.Types of clauses:1)Independent Clause vs.Dependent Clause:I know it.vs.You know that I know it.3)Main Clause vs.Subordinate Clause:The police says that the driver license I have is a fake.第62页/共68页4)Finite Clause,Non-finite Clause,Verbless Clause Non-finites are t
39、hose with infinite VPs:Remember to tell any visitor that Im not at home.Did you remember telling him that I wasnt at home?Everyone comes into the world,kicking and screaming.Blinded,lovers see each other in rosy glasses.Verbless:Careless,I missed my step on the stairs.第63页/共68页Sentences are generall
40、y the highest unit studied by grammarians.Types of sentences:1)Full sentence vs.Minor sentence(不完全句)A:“Hi,hows it going?”B:“Living!”Referee:“On your marks!Ready!Go!”第64页/共68页 Simple,compound,complex sentences:Compound sentence(复合句，并列句)：I dont agree with you,but Ill give my life to defend your right
41、of saying it.Complex sentence(复杂句)：What the teachers told us in school is not the same as what it is in the society.第65页/共68页这个句子是什么句：One more step forward,and you are dead!Compound-complex sentence：We dont care what your say,but what you do.第66页/共68页This is the end of Lecture One.Please preview:第4、5讲：名词、名词属格第67页/共68页感谢您的观看！第68页/共68页