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1、一些语言学家认为，英语是一些语言学家认为，英语是noun-dominated language，而汉语则是，而汉语则是verb-predominated language。英语民族注重抽象思维，抽象名词和具体名词使用一样频繁。英语民族注重抽象思维，抽象名词和具体名词使用一样频繁。第1页/共42页附：论中西思维方式（连淑能）语言的使用体现思维的选择和创造；翻译的过程，不仅是语言形式的转换，而且是思维方式的变换。思维方式主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。思维方式的差异本质上是文化差异的表现。第2页/共42页东方和西方的思维方式从总体上看具有不同的特征，如东方人偏重
2、人文，注重伦理，道德，西方人偏重自然，注重科学、技术；东方人重悟性、直觉、意象，西方人重理性、逻辑、实证；东方人好静、内向、守旧，西方人好动、外向、开放；东方人求同、求稳，重和谐，西方人求异、求变，重竞争等。第3页/共42页1，伦理型与认知型中国传统哲学从根本上规定人的本质是伦理的，而西方哲学却规定人的本质是认知的。中国人的人文精神不同于西方的人文主义。中国的人文精神注重人的伦理道德修养，追求社会秩序安定和谐，倡导仁爱、宽容、义务、奉献、重宗法人际，轻个体人格，注重“群己合一”，突出社会的人格，把个体看做是群体的分子或角色，注重群体观念，倡导的是集体主义。欧洲文艺复兴时期所提倡的人文主义，宣扬
3、人性，反对神性；要求人权，反对神权；主张个性解放，反对宗教桎梏；注重个体人格，认为个体是单独的、自由的，个体与群体的关系式单个与多个而不是部分与整体的关系，注重自我中心，倡导的是个体主义。第4页/共42页2，整体性与分析性整体性思维（holistic thought）把人与自然、人间秩序与宇宙秩序、个体与社会看做是不可分割、互相影响、互相依存、互相对应的有机整体。分析性思维明确区分主体与客体、人与自然、精神与物质、思维与存在、灵魂与肉体、想象与本质，并把两者分离、对立起来，分别对这个二元世界做深入的分析研究。第5页/共42页3，意向性与对象性中国传统思维把主体自身作为宇宙的中心，人是万物的尺度
4、，“万物皆备于我”（孟子尽心上），认为认识了自身，也就认识了自然界和宇宙的根本规律，用主体的修养代替对客体的认识，自身内心的体验是一切认识的出发点。重直觉意象而非逻辑推理，注重求善而非求真。西方思想传统以自然为认知对象，认为只有认识自然，才能把握自然，只有探索自然，才能征服自然，因而主客二分，天人对立，划分内心世界与外部自然界，区分自我意识与认识对象，将自然作为自身之外的对象来研究。强调理性，反对以意愿、情感和好恶作为判断是非、辨别真假的标准。第6页/共42页4，直觉性与逻辑性5，意象性与实证性6，模糊性与精确性7，求同性与求异性8，后瞻性与前瞻性9，内向性与外向性10，归纳型与演绎型第7页/
5、共42页中西思维方式：悟性与理性兼论汉英语言常用的表达方式（连淑能）中国古代没有形成像亚里士多德形式逻辑那样的理性模式，而是形成了中国式的悟性：思维主体对客体对象或主体自身的本性与内蕴的直觉洞察和领悟，即儒家的“外悟说”和释道的“内悟说”。儒家的外悟，即“格物致知”的格致之学，强调从外界的经验中，尤其是前人已有的经验中，去领悟事物的本质和内在的联系。道家的内悟，主张“玄览”，即“心居玄冥之处，览知万物”，“塞其说，闭其门，挫其锐，解其纷，和其光，同其尘”，反对向外界观察体悟，排除一切感性经验、语言概念和欲望杂念，保持内心的清净安宁，达到“常无欲，以观其妙”。外悟是“经验的领悟”，内悟是“内省的
6、了悟”，两者都不是感官的印象，更不是逻辑的推论，而是内心对思维主体和客体的领悟。第8页/共42页西方的理性一词，源于希腊文logos和nous。Logos的本义是“思想”，“理性”，“规律”，“语词”，“道理”，“概念”，兼有理性和语言两层含义，nous的本义是心，思想。第9页/共42页汉英语言常用的表达方式汉语用词造句成章的最大特点是采用意合法，重意义组合而轻形式结构，拉个读者和听者领悟其中的意义和关系：词没有严格意义的形态变化，用词注重功能、意义；句子不受严谨的主谓结构的约束，少用或不用关联词语，摆脱形式的束缚，直接表达现实和思维过程，体现悟性的像似性；词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义
7、和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间；造句富于弹性，灵活多变，着重意念，颇多隐含；讲究语意、文气和语感的通常，言不尽意，得意忘言，富有领悟空间，对语境依赖较多；流水句很常见，完全句和不完全句混合交错，松句、散句、紧缩句、无主句、省略句、并列式复句交替使用，句子似句似段，若断若连，流泻铺排，主从难辨，形散神聚，言简意赅。第10页/共42页悟性有直觉性和形象性的特征，因而汉语表达形象、意象、象征、联想、想象的词语相当丰富，用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。悟性有主观性的特点，表现为主客不分，主体介入客体，客体融入主体，使客体主观化，因而汉语民族比较注重主体意识和主体思维
8、，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，常用主动式、意念被动句和人称主语表达法，当人称不言而喻时又常常隐含或省略人称。悟性有整体性的特征，因而汉语表达方式注重整体意念，注重语流的整体感，句子主要成分尽量靠拢，忌讳句中插入、阻断；喜欢整体匀称，词语和句式往往成双成对，富于均衡美与节奏美，追求音节对称整齐，词语对仗工整、声韵和谐悦耳，词语呈双音节化和四音节化。悟性有模糊性的特征，因而汉语表达歧义想象较多：一个深层结构可表现为多个表层结构，多个深层结构也可以表现为一个表层结构，许多表达方式在英美人看来是非逻辑的，如“晒太阳”。第11页/共42页理性主义注重形式论证，表现在英语里即
9、强调形态的外露，拘谨于形式结构。英语用词造句成章的最大特点是采用形合法，重形式结构协调，让读者和听者分析其中的意义和关系。第12页/共42页He has an austere manner.You have a very lucky escape.Her long,black hair was loose about her shoulders.Shes the best teacher though she has the least experience.A little learning is a dangerous thing.第13页/共42页他前途未卜。Theres a quest
10、ion mark over his future./His future is unpredictable.他懒洋洋地打了一个哈欠。He gave a lazy yawn.球队以微弱的优势保持着一个球的领先。The team had a slender one-goal lead.第14页/共42页英语“倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态（stative）；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）”。（连淑能，p104）就其表现而言，主要在如下几方面：1）英语的名词化（nominalization）倾向Nominalization:the grammatical process of
11、forming nouns from other parts of speech,usually verbs or adjectives.(朗文语言教学及应用语言学辞典p309)英语中许多名词是由动词派生或转化来的，如development,writing,lover,invention,advance,The film is an absolute must-see.Another departure from the recent White House practice is the absence of dancing.The appearance of the book on the
12、 market caused a sensation.第15页/共42页2，用名词表示施事者He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。You must be a very bad learner,or else you must be going to a very bad teacher.Youre all clock-watcher today!Litmus paper can used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution.石蕊试纸可用于指示溶液中是否含有酸。
13、第16页/共42页3，用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语Sino-American Trade Review Talks StartGold reserveSpace shuttle flight test program名词连用加强了英语的名词优势，也反映了现代英语追求简洁的总趋势，但过分堆砌名词会使语言失去活力，缺乏动感，有时还会造成语义含混British history teacherA small car factory第17页/共42页4，用形容词或副词表达动词的意义He was unaware of my presence.Down with the old and up with
14、the new.破旧立新。5，动词的弱化与虚化英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的词to be，其各种形式都缺乏动感。第18页/共42页On one side of town there are many antelopes in the hills and along the roads are yellow wild flowers.On the other side there is the Big Horns and nearly 10,000 feet up,Powder River Pass is through them.On one side of town antelopes
15、 abounded by fours and fives in the hills,and yellow wild flowers lined the roads.On the other side rose the Big Horns and nearly 10,000 feet up,Powder River Pass cut through them.第19页/共42页There was a tropical storm off the east coasts of Florida.A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida.第20
16、页/共42页汉语的动态倾向表现在以下几个方面1，动词连用连动式和兼语式都包含两个或两个以上的动词。连动、兼语、把字句和被字句还常常互相包孕套用，构成各式各样的多动词谓语句。他想办法摆脱了困境。He thought his way out of the dilemma.你去教室把他叫回来。Go to the classroom and call him back.第21页/共42页2，动词(词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。The best
17、way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations.第22页/共42页3,汉语动词常常重叠或重复要吃有吃，要穿有穿。You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on.说是说了，没有结果；做是做了，没有成功。I have made proposals,but in vain;I have made attempts,but without success.学问学问，要学要问；边学边问，才有学问。Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and
18、asking for explanation.我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。I waited with growing impatience to get on my way,not for one minute but for a considerable time.第23页/共42页英汉互译的过程多数时候就是动静之间的一个英汉互译的过程多数时候就是动静之间的一个转换的过程。转换的过程。A spirit prevailed then which was quintessentially American:that problems are a challenge
19、,not an alibi;that men are measured not only by their success but also by their striving;that it is better to aim grandly than to wallow in mediocre comfort.那时的风气还是符合地地道道的美国精神的：有问题，只能上，不能躲；衡量一个人，不但要看他的成败，也看他的努力程度；宁愿好大喜功，也不甘庸碌度日。第24页/共42页一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。All peace-loving people demand the
20、complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons.要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.第25页/共42页This is a good piece of work.这活干得漂亮。I refused his offer of help.他表示愿意帮助我，我拒绝了。My admiration for him grew more.我对他越来越敬佩。His acceptance of
21、bribes led to his arrest.他因受贿而被捕。第26页/共42页Aggression took many forms:the unilateral denunciation of treaties and international commitments,interference in the internal affairs of other states,the use of threats against weaker neighbors,the imposition of unequal relationships,outright armed attack ag
22、ainst the territories of other states and their dismemberment,the subjugation of colonial peoples and the denial of the right to self-determination and fundamental human rights.侵略有多种形式，单方面废除条约与国际义务，干涉别国内政，对弱小邻国进行威胁，强迫实行不平等关系，赤裸裸地武装进攻别国领土和肢解他国，奴役殖民地民族，否决自决权和基本的人权等。第27页/共42页The use of nouns to express
23、 action is natural in English,so in translation many such dynamic nouns should be better turned into verbs and their attributives into adverbials.Ambassador Wilson,a shaggy-haired,camera-friendly presence,has been meeting the press on a regular basis.威尔逊大使头发蓬松，在镜头前显得显得自然亲切，经常定期约见新闻媒体。For political s
24、urvival the most implacable idealists had to make political accommodations.为了在政治上站住脚站住脚，这位最坚定的理想主义者不得不在政治上做出让步。第28页/共42页Apart from such dynamic nouns,very often some other nouns can also be turned into verbs,or with verbs added in E-C translation in order to produce more smooth and natural version.I
25、ts only a joke.只不过开个玩笑而已。But reality makes things difficult.但是一接触现实，事情就难办了。She considered housework demeaning and the care of children an added insult.她认为干家务活低人一等，带孩子更丢人。Example is not the main thing in influencing.It is the only thing.以身作则以身作则不但是影响他人的主要方法，而且是唯一的方法。第29页/共42页A poor economy and Mikes
26、alcoholism doomed them to even worse existence.经济不景气，麦克又开始酗酒，他们的日子就更艰难了。Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.没有（在场的）证据并不能证明（某人）不在场。My work and my family are more than enough to fill my time.又要工作，又要养家，我的时间简直不够用。第30页/共42页Soon the train started to move and the passengers were settled to fruit
27、,periodicals and business letters.很快火车开动了，乘客们安顿了下来，有的吃水果，有的看杂志，有的则看起商务信函来。This is a novel of plot and structure and commitment.这部小说情节动人，结构严谨，主旨鲜明。In her habits,she was a living personification of order,method,and exactness.她的生活习惯体现了她的为人：有条不紊，按部就班，一丝不苟。第31页/共42页In a sense,the frequent use of abstract
28、 nouns in English also determines the wide application of turning nouns into verbs in E-C translation.The early spring of England is still full of climatic irregularity.英格兰早春的天气常常变幻摩擦/变化无常。The boys nudged each other aside for a better view.男孩们挤来挤去，都想占一个能看得更清楚的位置。This minimizes the wait and frees up
29、the rest of the day for fun rather than fuming.这样一来，等待的时间就可以减到最少。这一天剩下的时间就可以去找点乐子，不用再生闷气了。第32页/共42页So,in other way round,translation from Chinese into English should make use of nouns to simplify sentence structure.多吃多吃蔬菜对我们的健康有好处。Plenty of vegetables will benefit our health.如果你能陪陪我一块儿去，我一定会很高兴。Of c
30、ourse I shall be glad of your company on the journey.矛盾不断出现出现，又不断解决解决，就是事物发展的辩证规律。The ceaseless emergence and ceaseless resolution of contradictions constitute the dialectical law of the development of things.第33页/共42页Such dominance of nouns or stativeness can also be found in English posters.Their
31、counterparts in Chinese often use verbs.No ThoroughfareNo Admittance Except on BusinessNo PassingFor Persons over 18 Years of AgeNo HawkersFull 3 Months Unconditional Service Guaranteed 禁止通行闲人免进禁止超车未满18岁者禁止入内禁止摆摊设点免费保修三个月第34页/共42页Agentive nouns in English can hardly find corresponding words in Chine
32、se and therefore find their turning into verbs naturally in order to make the version more smooth and readable.Hes a heavy smoker.Im not much of a sailor.我容易晕船。They could be obstructionists across a whole range of issues.他们在很多问题上都会发难。They sat talking,for two and three house,as Smith spilled out his
33、fear and frustrations and Conley alternately played the roles of friend,protector and confident.他们坐着一谈就是两三个钟头，史密斯在那里倒出了自己内心的害怕、担忧，种种失意，而康利则不时地安慰他，鼓励他，开导他。第35页/共42页Rabin was an active promoter of the Middle East peace process.拉宾曾积极地推进中东和平进程。He was a regular contributor to that magazine.他经常给该杂志投稿。Be c
34、areful!He is known as a blame-shifter.So it came about that in college I was unjustly accused of being a politician.He might have been stronger and better able to stand his illness if he had not been a bottle-boy but a breast-fed boy.第36页/共42页In many cases,such agentive nouns do not refer to persons
35、.They can also be translated by using verbs.Newly enlivened by hot culture and cold cash,London is rendering itself as a global trendsetter.时尚和金钱使伦敦再度活跃起来，引导引导着全球的新新潮流。潮流。In the end,motive may turn out to be as important a pointer as physical evidence.最后，在指明破案方向方面在指明破案方向方面，动机的作用和物证的作用一样重要。The budget
36、 battle proved to be another nail-biter for the President shepherding the bill through Congress.总统正努力使该法案在国会得到通过，对他而言，关于预算的这场斗争又是一件让人头痛的事一件让人头痛的事。第37页/共42页Native English speakers seem to prefer to use agentive nouns to describe a person but we Chinese tend to use verbs他学习很用功。He is a good student/he studies hard.她衣着时髦。She is a sharp dresser.过去我常有点胡思乱想。I uses to be a bit a fancier myself.第38页/共42页第39页/共42页精品课件！第40页/共42页第41页/共42页感谢您的观看！第42页/共42页