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1、Para 1:Arousing the questionQ:What question does the author raise here?A:Whether it is worth paying$125,000 to give children an education at an elite private University?Whats your choice?Why?*Thats when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next falls freshman class.fl
2、ood fill sth in large quantity,crowd.Para 2:Answering the questionCertainly many neurotic boomer parentsand their stressed out,resume-building teenagersassume that it is always better to choose Harvard over Big State U.Q:Why do they make such a choice?A:According to conventional wisdom superior educ
3、ational environment;better alumni connections;and more lucrative on-campus recruiting opportunities.第1页/共13页*boomer parents:“boom baby”,“boomer”for short.*Babyboom Generation(Boom Generation)1946-1966Hippies(20 century late 60s):(flower children/people)YuppiesGeneration*Missionary Generation:(born i
4、n 19 century 60s)*Lost Generation(popular in 20century 20s)*GI Generation(born in 1901-1924):（GI:government issue）*Silent/Silence Generation*Beat Generation(popular in 20 century late 50s)Millennial Generation(born after 1981):*Me Generation*Sandwich Generation*Generation X:(born in 1961-1981)*Gener
5、ation E（E:entrepreneur）*Generation Y(born in 20 century 70s)*wireless Generation(Generation W)*Generation XXL第2页/共13页Para 3.supporting and counter evidencesupporting evidence:*Its true that big law firms,major teaching hospitals,and investment banksheck,even the offices of FORTUNE are stuffed with I
6、vy Leaguers.*It also true that if you want to a career at what passes for the American establishmenta gilt-edged diploma is a distinct advantage.heck is the euphemism ofFortuneRanking Chart:The Fortune 500;The Fortune 500 Outside the U.Sstuff withto fill tightly,crowd sth to into.Establishmentgilt-e
7、dged diploma:counterevidence:anecdotal evidenceSteve Jobs;Jack Welch;Warren BuffettThe majority of top CEOs surveyed by FORTUNE in 1990 did not attend an elite college.Ivy League:Brown University Columbia UniversityCornell UniversityDartmouth CollegeHarvard UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaPrince
8、ton UniversityYale University第3页/共13页Better University/Greater investment whether worth it:dilemmaPara 4:return investment?Concrete figure:incomereturn125,000 investment?The academic evidence is murky.Basic conclusion?college pays.On average,a person with an undergraduate degree now earns almost twi
9、ce as much as someone with only a high school diploma,up from 1.5 times in1975.Para 5:elite college-better college?Correlation:higher future earningsattendance at a college with high SAT scores.SAT:the Scholastic Aptitude Test ConclusionMost of the research concluded that for each 100-point increase
10、 in the average SAT score,a graduate could expect a 3%to 7%increase in lifetime earnings.第4页/共13页Para 6:Research limitations:The studies(para 5)do not measure how an individuals earnings are affected by the choice of college.*selective schoolsSupposed Research Question:If student X gets into,say,Amh
11、erst and Michigan State,and choose to go to Michigan State,will X be shut out of Amherst-style earning potential?Related research:looking at students with similar SAT scores who attended different kinds of schools.Conclusion:Researchers found that the students with the similar SAT score who went to
12、the more prestigious schools reported higher earnings.Research limitation:Para 7A student integrated ability should not be reflected only by SAT score but also the“unobserved”traits.“unobserved”characteristics?grades,extracurricular activities,recommendations,essays,interviews.第5页/共13页Lets see a vid
13、eo clip Whether he has cracked the secret code of getting in the top universities?View 1:Whether is there a Secret Formula to get in top universities?View 2:Whats the point of admission process from colleges point of view?View 3:The Advice for Students?View 4:The Advice for Parents?View 1:There is n
14、o Secret Formula get in some top(hard)course even you get a“B”extracurricular activitiesdo well in a couple of activities(for a long time,be the leader)rather than take in different activities every semester.View 2:The Universities will consider several aspects.They try to raise medium SAT score.Try
15、 to raise the proportion of minority students(Liberal Education),although they have low SAT scores.View 3:Be yourselfTake the hardest course in the school Take activities and stick with them Use your essay to let them get to know youView 4:Relax,there is little the parents can do.第6页/共13页Complete th
16、e form below(para 8-13)Research conducted by Krueger and DaleResearch conducted by HoxbySubject 1.1 2.1Methodology 1.2 2.2Findings 1.3 2.3Limitations 1.4 2.4第7页/共13页Research conducted by Krueger and Dale1.1Subject Para 8 the 1976 freshman class at 30 schools,ranging in selectivity(determined by aver
17、age SAT scores)from Yale to Denison.(mostly private but included a few public universities)1.2MethodPara 8:compared the earnings of students who were admitted to the same colleges but made different choices.1.3Findings para 9:F(1)Smart and talented kids who attended less selective schools did just a
18、s well in their careers as their counterparts at elite colleges.para 10:F(2)College selectivity did not affect earnings,it did make a significant difference to those from poorer backgrounds.Figure:A 200-point increase in the average SAT score of the college attended resulted in 7%greater earnings fo
19、r students from families in the lowest fifth of income distribution.1.4 The Limitations of Krueger and Dales research(para 11)Critics have questioned their methodology,the limited number and range of schools evaluated and their conclusions.Even Krueger finds it odd that the results seem to show that
20、 while there is no correlation between college selectivity and future income(except for poorer students).第8页/共13页Research conducted by Hoxby2.1&2.2 Subject and methodology(para12):placed several hundred schools in eight ranks based on the SAT scores of their students.looked at students who entered t
21、hese colleges in 1960,1973,and 1982,then examined their earnings at age 32.The difference between the two researches.controlled for SAT scores by comparing students with similar scores from different colleges;she did not control for unobserved characteristics as Krueger and Dale tried to.2.3 Finding
22、s(para 13)Finding(1)Using 1997-98 tuition figures,Hoxby concluded that a student who gave up a full scholarship at a Rank Three private college(average SATs:90 th percentile inverbal,86 th in math)to pay full price at a Rank One selective college(average SATs:96 th percentile in verbal,86 th in math
23、)earned back the difference in cost 3.4 times over his lifetime.Finding(2)The students who moved from paying extra average tuition at a Rank Three public college to paying average tuition at Rank One private school earned back the difference in cost more than 30 times.2.4 The Limitations of the rese
24、arch (1)The research did not control for unobserved characteristics as Kruger tried(2)The research did not compare the difference in moving from a top public college to a top private one.第9页/共13页The Completing research of HoxbysPara 14:Hoxbys findings are complemented by other statistical evidence.G
25、raduates from elite schools get better recruiting opportunities.The Winner-Take-All Society(1995)Philip Cook(public-policy)professorFindings:Among the companies Frank termed elitethose that conducted 70%or more of their interviews at the top 25 schools,and were either the largest firm in their indus
26、try or appeared on a list of the best places to workthe numbers were even more skewed.skewed:twisted or turned to one side.Paraphrase:Those top companies made even more recruiting visits to the top 25 schools than to the less famous ones.Para15:The traditional recruiting opportunities changed the do
27、t-com world:“the old-boy network on steroids”“The old-boy network”is the alumni connections.This shift opens opportunities at old-economy companies for students further down the educational food chain.food chain:metaphor但是因特网的介入使得稍差的学生也有机会进入传统企业中的大公司。第10页/共13页General Conclusion of the research?Para
28、16:Without a rigorous,large-scale,longitudinal study of students who spurn elite schools for less highly regarded onesand given the high and rising cost of college,this research begs to be doneGeneral Conclusions?(1)An elite education gives studentsespecially less affluent onesbetter access to certa
29、in kinds of elite jobs.(2)There is no economic advantage to choosing an expensive,mediocre private school over a top public one(3)Talented students every-where rise to the top*In fact,if you want to be governor of Oklahoma when you grow up,youre probably better off graduating a Sooner.better offhavi
30、ng more chance of success.A sooner:nickname of an Oklahoma inhabitant.第11页/共13页Some emotional factorsPara 17:Determining the payoff of an elite education also depends on how you calculate the return.*Most studies use future income,the favorite yardstick of those dead souls called economists.(Transla
31、tion)dead soul:is humorously used here to refer to economist很多研究用运未来收入，因为这是那些被称为经济学家的老家伙们最青睐的计算标准。*But knowing the cost-benefit ratio of a purchase is not the same as knowing it value.(Translation)但是，知道一件所购之物的成本效益率并不等于知道了它的价值。For many people,the value of a college education is in friendship made(or forgone)and new roads taken(or not)-Whether it is worthy to pay the large amount of money to go into a elite colleges depends on what you value most.第12页/共13页感谢您的观看！第13页/共13页