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1、Thefactisthatwhilewithoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.(Wilkins1972:11)翻译的基本单位不是词语这一层面，但是，透彻理解原文词语的含义并用准确的译文词语表达出来则是翻译的核心工作之一。第1页/共40页G.LeechsseventypesofmeaninginSemantics:conceptualmeaningconnotativemeaningsocialmeaningaffectivemeaningreflectedmeaningcollocat
2、ivemeaningthematicmeaning第2页/共40页Newmark:Thechiefdifficultiesintranslationarelexical,notgrammatical,thatis,words,collocationandfixedphrasesoridioms;theseincludeneologismsand“unfindable”words.Difficultieswithwordsareoftwokinds:a.youdonotunderstandthem;b.youfindthemhardtotranslate.第3页/共40页DictionDicti
3、onmeanstheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.Wordsdonothavemeanings;peoplehavemeaningsforthem.第4页/共40页Word-for-word CorrespondenceMarxism=马克思主义Aspirin=阿司匹林H-beam=工字梁o-ring=环形圈u-steel=槽钢v-belt=三角皮带x-brace=交叉
4、支撑y-curve=叉形曲线第5页/共40页Words without EquivalentsTeenagerClock-watcherAthrowawaysociety第6页/共40页1.Determinewhetherthemeaningiscommendatory,neutralorderogatory(1)Iamveryreluctanttogiveupanambition whichIhavecherishedforovertwentyyears.(2)ThedomineeringambitionofHitlersGermanywasnotsatisfied.第7页/共40页2Jud
5、gingfromthepartofspeechHe likes mathematics more than physics.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词）He does not look like his brother.他看起来不像他兄弟。（介词）Like knows like.英雄识英雄。（名词）We will never see his like again.我们再也见不到他那样的人了。（名词）Like charges repel;unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。（形容词）The teacher cannot cite a like in
6、stance.老师一时举不出类似的例子。（形容词）第8页/共40页3JudgingfromtheCollocation“whoisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodchild,agoodwifeoragoodhusband”-Vanity Fair虔诚的教徒afaithfulChristian慈爱的父母alovingparent孝顺的儿女aobedientchild贤良的妻子avirtuouswife尽职的丈夫adutifulhusband第9页/共40页JudgingfromtheCollocationdelicateskindelicateporcelaind
7、elicateupbringingdelicatelivingdelicatehealthdelicatestomachdelicatevasedelicatediplomaticquestiondelicatedifferencedelicatesurgicaloperationdelicateearformusicdelicatesenseofsmelldelicatetouchdelicatefooddelicatefeatures第10页/共40页4.Judgingfromthestyleofexpressionandaffectivedifference(1).Wife妻子、爱人、夫
8、人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆、家里的Potato马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋President:总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长(2).Winds/redflower/greenwillow第11页/共40页(3).schemeTheenemysschemewentbankrupt.Wehavemappedoutascheme.(4).Sheispregnant.Sheisinafamilyway.Sheisexpecting.Sheisinadelicatecondition.第12页/共40页5.Judgingfromthecontext(1).Itsacri
9、meyoudidntfinishschool.你上学没有毕业真是个憾事。(2).HaigwasplanninganewattackbuttheGermansbeathimandlaunchedtheirson21March.海格在计划一次新的进攻，但德国人赶在他的前面于3月21日发起了进攻。(3).Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.同病相怜，排长队买票看比赛的人也总是互相照顾着。第13页/共40页6.Understanding the meaning implied in a word or an expression before extending i
10、ts meaningtension，complacency，unemployment,dependence，commercialization，jealousy，irregularity，abstraction，arrogance，lightheartedness(1).The civilization of China is the civilization of longest continuous existence.中华文明是存在最长、从未间断过的一个文明。(2).Washington wants to maintain an American presence in that reg
11、ion.华盛顿想在那个地区维持美国的存在。第14页/共40页7UsedifferentChinesewordstotranslatethesameEnglishwordandviceversa(1).A porter is a baggage carrier.(2).Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases.(3).The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier.第15页/共40页8.Differentiatewordsorexpressionswhicharesimi
12、larinformbutdifferentinmeaningAdrawing-roomAretiringman第16页/共40页MeaningExtensionTranslate the following sentences:1.Paula doesnt need any lessons when it comes to office politics.2.He was a tough proposition.3.He told me that the people leading the movement were the salt of the earth.4.I hope the bo
13、ok will come out on time in spite of all the bottlenecks.5.He is a weasel even to his old friend Jack.6.What a peacock my neighbor is.She always talks about her rich family while meeting anybody.第17页/共40页References:1.说到办公室明争暗斗那一套，波拉可是无师自通。2.他是个难对付的人。3.他告诉我说，领导这场运动的人都是优秀人才。4.尽管有重重阻碍我仍希望那本书能如期出版。5.即使对
14、他的老朋友杰克，他也爱耍卑鄙手段。6.我的邻居真爱炫耀，碰到什么人她都要谈到她那有钱的家。第18页/共40页MeaningExtension英、汉两种语言是两个不同语系的语言，由于文化、政治、生活习惯、生活环境、思维方式等方面的差异，两种语言在词语的内涵意义、搭配意义以及句子结构上，存在许多差异。英汉互译时，总有些词或词组难以按原文的字面意义直接译出来。为了使译文通顺达意，常常根据上下文和逻辑关系将原文的内涵意义挖掘出来。这种方法就叫词义引申法。引申词义要根据上下文的内在联系和逻辑关系，透过原文的表层结构，用恰当的译入语和符合译入语习惯的表达法将原文词语的深层意义表达出来，不能主观随意，不能脱
15、离原文词义的基本范围。MethodsofExtension：I.GeneralizationII.SpecificationIII.LogicalExtension第19页/共40页I.Generalization1.Lee Kuan-yew contemplates retiring with a hand on the helm.李光耀打算退位，但依然听政。2.For many families,especially in Tokyo,two incomes are a necessary.对许多家庭来说，夫妻俩都去上班赚钱是迫不得已的事，在东京尤其如此。3.John was a fool
16、 for danger.约翰是天不怕地不怕的。4.Thisisan“egg-and-hen”question.这是一个长期争论不休的问题。第20页/共40页5.Hiswordsareworthtakingwithagrainofsalt.他的话不能全信，应该打点折扣。6.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。7.TheEUsCommonAgriculturalpolicyisadinosaurwhichisadding13.50aweektothefoodbilloft
17、heaverageBritishfamily.欧盟的农业共同政策早已不合时宜，它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。第21页/共40页II.Specification1.Herjealousyisthecauseofherfailure.她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。2.Wehavemadesomeachievements,andwemustguardagainstcomplacency.我们取得了一些成就,但要防止自满情绪。3.Wait a minute.Let me put on my things.等一等。让我把衣服穿上。4.I am of one mind with y
18、ou on this.在这一点上，我和你意见一致。第22页/共40页5.Itishardtogetalongwithamanwhoblowshotandcold.和反复无常的人在一起是很难相处的。6.The actress was quite a phenomenon in show business circle.这位女演员堪称是演艺界的杰出人才。第23页/共40页III.LogicalExtension1.HanoiromanceditsAsianneighborsforsixyearsbeforewinningitsmembershipinASEAN.河内对其邻国进行了六年的亲善努力后成
19、为东盟的一员。2.Previously,ifIhadbeenreallyinterestedinabook,Iwouldracefrompagetopage,eagertoknowwhatcamenext.Now,Idecided,Ihadtobecomeamiserwithwordsandstretcheverysentencelikeapoormanspendinghislastdollar.在那以前，我要是对一本书真感兴趣，往往一页一页拼命往下翻，急于知道下文的内容。现在我决定像守财奴那样不轻易放过每一个词语；也像穷人过日子，把每一个句子当作身边最后一块钱，省吃俭用，慢慢花费。第24页/
20、共40页Exercise:1.Iwaspracticallyonmykneesbuthestillrefused.2.Ihavenoheadformusic.3.Howdoweaccountforthissplitbetweenthecriticsandthereaders,theheadandtheheart?4.Ason,ajobandhousekeepingforcedromanceout.5.Thematterwasfinallysettledunderthetable.6.Theshortestdistancebetweenrawmaterialandafinishedpartisc
21、asting。7.Ifyoudaretoplaythefoxwithme,Illshootyouatonce.8.Alltheirregularitiesofthestudentsinthatuniversityresultedinpunishment.第25页/共40页References:1.我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他依然拒绝。2.我没有音乐方面的天赋。3.评论家和读者之间,也就是理智和感情之间的这种分歧该如何解释呢?4.有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。5.事情终于私下解决了。6.铸造是把原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。7.你要是敢对我耍滑头,我马上毙了你。8.在那所大学里，作
22、出任何越轨行为的学生都受到了惩罚。第26页/共40页ConversionTranslatethefollowingsentences:TheWildefamilywerereligious.Stevensonwaseloquentandelegant-butsoftHewasaregularvisitor.第27页/共40页ConversionTranslatethefollowingsentences:1.王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。2.史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。3.他以前经常来。第28页/共40页NounsConvertedintoVerbsIamnodrinker,norsmoke
23、r.我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。VietnameseWarisadrainonAmericanresources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。Thegovernmentcalledfortheestablishmentofmoretechnicalschools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。Iamsogratefultomyfatherforhiscontinuousencouragementduringmychildhood.我非
24、常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。第29页/共40页PrepositionsConvertedintoVerbs“Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheverandah,andintotheporch.“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。Millionsofthepeopleinthemountainousareasarefinallyoffpoverty.千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。Hecametomyhomeforhelp.他来到我家，请求帮助。Thep
25、eoplearewithhim.人民拥护他。Thewoman,withhertwodaughters,arrived.这妇女带着她的两个女儿到了。Hecaughttheballwithhislefthand.他用左手接球。Aforceisneededtomoveanobjectagainstinertia.为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。第30页/共40页AdjectivesConvertedintoVerbsDoctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。Itwasaveryinformativ
26、emeeting.会上透露了很多信息。第31页/共40页AdverbsConvertedintoVerbsInthiscasethetemperatureinthefurnaceisup.这种情况下，炉温就升高。Whentheswitchisoff,thecircuitisopenandelectricitydoesntgothrough.当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。第32页/共40页NounsConvertedintoVerbsIamnodrinker,norsmoker.我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewit
27、hspeciallonging.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。VietnameseWarisadrainonAmericanresources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。Thegovernmentcalledfortheestablishmentofmoretechnicalschools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。Iamsogratefultomyfatherforhiscontinuousencouragementduringmychildhood.我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。第33页/共40页ConvertedintoNouns1)Ve
28、rbsConvertedintoNounsHeroared,whichthreatenedhisenemiesaway.他的大吼大叫吓走了他的敌人。Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。Ourageiswitnessingaprofoundpoliticalchange.我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。第34页/共40页ConvertedintoNouns2)AdjectivesConvertedintoNounsBoththecompoundsareacids,theformerisstrong,thelatterwea
29、k.这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。OfficialMoscowisgoingtoobjecttheproposal.莫斯科官方准备反对此项提议。第35页/共40页ConvertingintoAdjectives1)NounsConvertedintoAdjectivesThepallorofherfaceindicatedclearlyhowshewasfeelingatthemoment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。Itisanoldstorywhenawomandivorcesherhusbandfortoomuchdrinking.女人因丈夫酗酒而跟他离婚已是司空
30、见惯的了。Wearedeeplyconvincedofthecorrectnessofthispolicyandfirmlydeterminedtopursueit.我们深信这一政策是正确的,并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。第36页/共40页ConvertingintoAdjectives2)AdverbsConvertedintoAdjectivesEarthquakesarecloselyrelatedtofaulting.地震与地层断裂有密切的关系。Itisdemonstratedthatgasesareperfectlyelastic.人们已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。Traditio
31、nally,therehadalwaysbeengoodrelationshipbetweenthem.它们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。第37页/共40页ConvertingintoAdverbs1)AdjectivesConvertedintoAdverbsBelow4,waterisincontinuousexpansioninsteadofcontinuouscontraction.水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。Wehaveknownasimilarpastofhumiliationandexploitation.在过去,我们都同样遭受到凌辱和剥削。Therehasbe
32、enatremendousexpansionofnurseriesandkindergartensintownsandvillages.在城市和乡村,托儿所和幼儿园都在大量地发展。第38页/共40页ConvertingintoAdverbs2)NounsandVerbsConvertedintoAdverbsIhavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。Rapidevaporationattheheating-surfacetendstomakethesteamwet.加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。第39页/共40页感谢您的观看！第40页/共40页