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1、考研英语常考语法难点考研英语常考语法难点考研英语常考语法难点考研英语常考语法难点讲义讲义讲义讲义南京跨考南京跨考20132013仇永香仇永香第一讲第一讲 While 的用法的用法（1）基本词性词义）基本词性词义n.一会儿，一段时间，一会儿，一段时间，wait for a while V.消磨（时光），轻松度过，消磨（时光），轻松度过，while away He whiled away the whole afternoon surfing the internet.Conj.当当的时候的时候 we must strike while the iron is hot.I will take ca
2、re of the baby while you are away.而，然而，而，然而，表对比。做并列连词表对比。做并列连词 Some people waste food while others still suffer starvation.The son was having a good meal at home,while the parents were working in the field.I like the banana while he likes pineapple.(2)重点词义重点词义Conj.虽然虽然但是但是，尽管，尽管但是但是 多放于句首,引导让步状语从句Wh
3、ile he loves his students,he is very strict with them.While these experiments are interesting and useful,it is important to remember that they may not always tell us much.只要，引导条件状语从句While there is life there is hope.While there is a will there is a way.(3)真题链接真题链接 One Italian example would be the Be
4、rluconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.（05年翻译）While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretation supplied to them by lawyers.4.联想记忆：联想记忆：(1)While 与when 的区分when 后面引导的从句，谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可为短暂性动词，且可做并列连词，表示：“这时”但是在
5、接下来几种情况下，只能用when.A:be about towhen正打算这时(发生了另外一件事)B：was/were doingwhen 正在.这时（发生了另外一件事）C：had donewhen 刚要做这时（发生了另外一件事）eg.When we were about to set out when it began to rain.He had hardly sat down when his mobile phone rang.While 后面引导的谓语动词必须为延续性动词，强调主从句的两个动词同时发生；The baby fell asleep in the sofa while hi
6、s mother was cooking in the kitchen.(2)While 表示“然而 时”,与but 的区分 Honey is sweet,but the bee stings.I ought to have helped her but I never could.While作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表对比。而but表转折。注意用心比较体会while与but的句中用意.5.Writing tips:some people/students prefer sth while others would rather doThere are many reasons for
7、 this:first of all,parents tend to be conservative and satisfied with what they have,while children are always keen to experience something new,and are quick to adopt new fashion and ways of thinking.Parents,because they have a better understanding of the dangers in society,criticize their youngster
8、s behavior and are reluctant to let them have their own way.94单选单选1.By the time you arrive in London,we _ in Europe for two weeks.A.shall stay B.have stayed C.will have stayed D.have been staying2.I appreciated _ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.A.having been given B.having given C.to h
9、ave been given D.to have given3.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,_ obtaining water is not the least.A.of which B.for what C.as D.whose4.The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.A.not so B.not much C.much more D.no more5._ the fact
10、that his initial experiments had failed,Prof.White persisted in his research.A.Because of B.As to C.In spite of D.In view of6.Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.A.is to be analyze
11、d B.has been analyzedC.be analyzed D.should have been analyzed7.The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand,_ all practical value by the time they finished.A.could lose B.would have lost C.might lose D.ought to have lost8.No bread eaten sweet as _ earned by his own labor.A.one B
12、.that C.such D.what9.It isnt cold enough for there _ a frost tonight,so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.A.would be B.being C.was D.to be10.Scientists generally agree that the Earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years _ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.A.as lo
13、ng as B.as much as C.as soon as D.as well as11.Please do not be _ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A.disregarded B.distorted C.irritated D.intervened12.Craig assured his boss that he would _ all his energies in doing this new job.A.call forth B.call at C.call on D.ca
14、ll off13.Too much _ to X-rays can cause skin burns,cancer or other damage to the body.A.disclosure B.exhibition C.contact D.exposure14.When confronted with such questions,my mind goes _,and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A.dim B.blank C.faint D.vain15.It is well known that knowledge is t
15、he _ condition for expansion of mind.A.incompatible B.incredible C.indefinite D.indispensable16.More than two hundred years ago the United States _ from the British Empire and become an independent country.A.got off B.pulled down C.broke away D.attached to17.Care should be taken to decrease the leng
16、th of time that one is _ loud continuous noise.A.subjected to B.filled with C.associated with D.dropped off18.Some of the most important concepts in physics _ their success to these mathematical systems.A.oblige B.owe C.contribute D.attribute19.As your instructor advised,you ought to spend your time
17、 on something _ researching into.A.precious B.worth C.worthy D.valuable20.As a defense against air-pollution damage,many plants and animals_ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.A.relieve B.release C.dismiss D.discard21.Without the friction between their feet and the ground,people would _ be able
18、 to walk.A.in no time B.by all means C.in no way D.on any account22.While typing,Helen has a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.A.occasionally B.simultaneously C.eventually D.promptly23.One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S.is that they have taken gr
19、eat _to educate their children.A.efforts B.pains C.attempts D.endeavors24.If any man here does not agree with me,he should _his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.A.put on B.put out C.put in D.put forward 25.I support your decision,but I should also make it clear that I am
20、not going to be _to it.A.connected B.fastened C.bound D.stuck26.The English language contains a(n)_of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation.A.altitude B.latitude C.multitude D.attitude27.In my opinion,you can widen the _of these improvements through your active participati
21、on.A.dimension B.volume C.magnitude D.scope28.Your improper words will give _to doubts concerning your true intentions.A.rise B.reason C.suspicion D.impulse29.The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made _.A.on the spot B.on the site C.on the location D.on the ground30.The rema
22、rkable _of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.A.classification B.variety C.density D.diversion语法归纳：语法归纳：(1)no more than 不多于，仅仅，只有，形容少 The expert advised no more than 3 grams for healthpeople.not more than 为 more than 的否定形式 不多于，不超过no less than 不
23、少于，多则，I have not more than 3 relatives in this city.not less than 为less than 的否定式 不少于 no more than.doc (2)if 引导的虚拟语气引导的虚拟语气 三种基本形式三种基本形式与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词用were/did 主句的谓语动词用could/would/might+do与过去事实相反，从句 had done,主句的谓语动词用would/could/might have done与将来事实相反，从句用 were/were to do/did/should do主句用would doIf 引
24、导的虚拟语气的倒装形式If省略，从句中的were,should,would提到主语之前。95年单选1.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed _.A.had produced B.have been produced C.would have produced D.had been produced 2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer th
25、an _ in the public mind today.A.exists B.exist C.existing D.existed3.The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ his argument in favor of the new theory.A.which to base on B.on which to base C.to base on which D.which to be based on4._ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is
26、taken by the science fiction.A.Everybody B.Anybody C.Somebody D.Nobody5.How many of us _,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A.attended B.Attending C.to attend D.have attended6.Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides he building bloc
27、s from which the other elements are produced.A.so that B.but that C.in that D.provided that7.We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _ in a personal one.A.rather than B.Other than C.better than D.less than8._ is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by t
28、he smooth development of production.A.What B.That C.It D.As9.It is believed that todays pop music can serve as a creative force _ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A.by B.with C.at D.on10.Just as the soil is a part of the earth,_ the atmosphere.A.as it is B.the same as C.so is D.and so is11.
29、In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly _ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A.admired B.regarded C.expected D.worshipped12.A _ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A.shorthand B.
30、scheme C.schedule D.sketch13.A man has to make _ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A.supply B.assurance C.provision D.adjustment14.The newly-built Science Building seems _ enough tolast a hundred years.A.spacious B.sophisticated C.substantial D.steady15.It is well-kno
31、wn that the retired workers in our country are _ free medical care.A.entitled to B.involved in C.associated with D.assigned to16.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at _.A.danger B.stake C.loss D.threat17.I felt _ to death because I could make not
32、hing of the chairmans speech.A.fatigued B.tired C.exhausted D.bored18.When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at _.A.wrong B.trouble C.fault D.difficulty19.Your advice would be _ valuable to him,who is at present at his wits end.A.exceedingly B.excessive
33、ly C.extensively D.exclusively20.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract,and now he has to _ the consequences.A.answer for B.run into C.abide by D.step into 21.The river is already _ its bans because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A.paralle
34、l to B.level in C.flat on D.flush with22.People _ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A.convinced B.anticipated C.resolved D.assured23.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _ for language learning purposes,ther
35、e is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A.adapted B.acknowledged C.assembled D.appointed24.The mother said she would _ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A.let down B.let alone C.let off D.let out25.We should always keep in mind
36、that _ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A.urgent B.hasty C.instant D.prompt26.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _ in the dictionary.A.missing B.losing C dropping D.leaking27.In the past,most foresters have been men,but today,the number of women _ this field is cli
37、mbing.A.engaging B.devoting C.registering D.pursuing28.The supervisor didnt have time so far to go into it _,but he gave us an idea about his plan.A.at hand B.in turn C.in conclusion D.at length29.Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest _ of being met.A.prospect B.prediction C.prosperity
38、D.permission30.Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a _ way when in a furious state.A.stable B.rational C.legal D.credible第二讲第二讲 as 的用法的用法1.基本词义基本词义：prep.作为,以.的身份 当作 像;如同conj.像.一样;依照;像 such as 当.时 随着 因为 虽然 Tired as he was,he sat up late.ad.跟.一样地,同样地 如同;例如pron.1.(与such,the same,as等连用,引导关
39、系从句)与.相同的事物(或人)2.(引导从句,对前述内容作补充)本情况,该事实 She has married again,as was expected.A.as 的介词结构“作为”，以身份By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights
40、and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in court of law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.B.As 引导的连词结构引导的连词结构1.as用作连
41、词引导时间状语从句用作连词引导时间状语从句 as与与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是词，含义都是当当的时候的时候。但它们有区别：用。但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。例如：具有
42、延续的含义。例如：(1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。他到达工地时，天正在下雪。(2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。他母亲做饭时他在看电视。(3)You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。2.as用作连词引导原因状语从句用作连词引导原因状语从句 as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，都可以
43、表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是连接原因状语从句，含义是因为，由于因为，由于，但，但它们有区别：它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；表示的语气最强；as一一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作既然既然。例如：例如：(1)He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。他一定会成功，因为他很认真。(2)Since you are so su
44、re of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。信你的。(3)As rain has fallen,the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。3.as作连词引导让步状语从句作连词引导让步状语从句 as与与although(或或though)，however(或或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是虽虽然，尽管然，尽管，但它们有区别：，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不
45、能再用可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如：它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如：(1)Although he is quite old,he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。(2)Strange as it may seem,nobody was injured in the a
46、ccident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。思议，却没有人受伤。(3)However hard he may try,he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。真题链接：真题链接：Plenty of good writers dont use outline at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large,people are gettin
47、g anxious.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feeling,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.Moreover,average overall margins
48、are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.C.as 相关的固定结构Other anthropolog
49、ists believed that cultural innovations,such as inventions,had a single origin and passed from society to society.On one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additio
50、ns and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,he became skilled in linguistics,the study of languages,and in physical anthropology,the study of hum