自考英语英语语法基础材料代词.ppt

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1、(二二)代词代词 1.掌握代词的概念、分类,英语中代词可以分为掌握代词的概念、分类,英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词;问代词、不定代词;2.掌握代词的用法;掌握代词的用法;3.理解代词在句中的功能,掌握代词作主语、表理解代词在句中的功能,掌握代词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法;法;4.能够辨析代词的用法区别,并熟练运用能够辨析代词的用法区别,并熟练运用.考点揭密考点揭密一、代词概述一、代词概述 代词就是指可以代替名词的词代词就是指可以代替名词的

2、词,可分为以下九种可分为以下九种:人称代词人称代词(personal pronoun)(personal pronoun)物主代词物主代词(possessive pronoun)(possessive pronoun)反身代词反身代词(reflexive pronoun)(reflexive pronoun)相互代词相互代词(reciprocal pronoun)(reciprocal pronoun)指示代词指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)(demonstrative pronoun)疑问代词疑问代词(interrogative pronoun)(interrogati

3、ve pronoun)关系代词关系代词(relative pronoun)(relative pronoun)不定代词不定代词(indefinite pronoun)(indefinite pronoun)(一)、人称代词人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表人称 我你他她它我们 你们 他们主格 Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格 meyouhimheritusyouthem人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语(宾格)、表语等。例如:We found English easy to understand.They helped us to move the furniture in.Whos

4、 that?Its me.人称代词的用法的用法(1)在并列的主语中,I 总放在最后。Lily,Lucy and I are good friends.莉莉,露西和我是好朋友。(2)she 可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。Whats wrong with the car?She wont start.这辆车出了什么故障?她发动不起来了。The moon is round tonight,isnt she?今晚的月亮很圆,是吧?(3)we可以表示包括自己在内的“人们”;you可以表示泛指的“任何人”。How do we learn out mother tongue?人们是如何学会母语的?当

5、两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you,they.如男女并列时,应先男后女,如:He and she 如果在表示不好意思,承担责任时,单数时用,I,he,she,you,复数时用They,you,we,如:Tom and I are good friends.it的用法1.要点提示要点提示 it可以用作人称代词,它还可以指时间、天气、距离、上下文等,另外,it还可以作先行词,作形式主语和形式宾语。2.用法指南用法指南(1)作为人称代词,it可以用来指东西、动物、婴儿和未确定身份的人。Wheres my book?Have you seen it

6、?我的书在哪里?你看见了没有?The dog is in the garden,isnt it?狗在花园里,是吧?The baby cried because it is hungry.婴儿哭了,因为他/她饿了。(Someone is ringing.)Whos it?Its me.(有人在按门铃。)谁呀?是我。(2)it 可以指上下文内容 The Olympic Game will be held in Beijing in 2008.It makes the Chinese proud.2008年将在北京举行奥运会。这使得中国人非常自豪。(3)it表示时间、天气、距离等。What time

7、 is it now?Its half past nine.现在几点了?九点半 It is cold.天气冷。Its about ten kilometers from the park to the museum.公园到博物馆大约是十公里。(4)it用作形式主语或形式宾语 Its very important for us to learn English well.(实际主语是to learn English well)对我们来说,学好英语很重要。I found it hard to fly a kite.(实际主语是to fly a kite)我发现放风筝很难。(二)物主代词 物主代词包

8、括形容词性物主代词,有my,your,his/her/its,our,their,和名词性物主代词,包括mine,yours,his/hers,ours,theirs.形容词性物主代词在句中作定语,相当于一个形容词,名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、介词宾语),相当于一个名词。例如:Water is very important to our life.Its a habit of theirs.I left my dictionary at home.May I use yours?(三)反身代词反身代词包括:myself,yourself,himself,herself,

9、itself;ourselves,yourselves,themselves,以及oneself。例如:I really feel quite ashamed of myself for it.I hope youll enjoy yourself at the party.Help yourself to more soup,please.反身代词用法反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词,词尾是self或selves。反身代词表示“某人自己”,与它所指代的名词或代词在人称、性、数上保持一致。(1)反身代词用作同位语,表示强调 Youll have to do it yourself.你得自己去

10、干。The theory itself is all right.这理论本身没有问题。(2)反身代词与人称代词宾格的区别在于,只有当主语和宾语是同一个人时才使用反身代词。He saw himself in the mirror.(he和himself指的是同一人)他在镜子里看见了自己。He saw him in the mirror.(he和him指的不是同一人,him指代另一个人)他在镜子里看见了他。(3)反身代词的固定搭配是常考内容:反身代词的固定搭配是常考内容:They enjoyed themselves at the party last night.昨天晚上他们在聚会上玩得很开心。

11、昨天晚上他们在聚会上玩得很开心。Help yourself to some fish.吃点鱼吧。吃点鱼吧。I taught myself swimming when I was six.我六岁时自学了游泳。我六岁时自学了游泳。反身代词的固定搭配:反身代词的固定搭配:by oneself(靠靠)自己自己 enjoy oneself 过得愉快过得愉快 help oneself to 随便吃随便吃 teach oneself 自学自学 talk to oneself 自言自语自言自语(四)指示代词指示代词包括this,that,these,those指示代词在句中可作主语、宾语(直接宾语,介词宾语)

12、、表语和定语。例如:This steel is not hard enough for our purpose.That argument of his convinces no one.This is what I want to say.Wait until youve heard this.Whats all this?(=Whats the trouble/matter?)John is the monitor of the class,and as such must decide how to do next.Ill tell you about that unforgettabl

13、e ten days in North Africa.指示代词用法(1)表示空间上的远近:this和these表示近。that和those表示远。No one had worked in this place for ages.已经好多年没有人在这个地方工作过了。I dont like the look of those clouds.我不喜欢那些云的样子。(2)表示时间上的远近 These days the Olympics must mean the best.现今,奥林匹克运动会肯定是水平最高的。At that point he became worried.就在那时,他变得担心起来。注

14、意:注意:that和和those有时可以用来代表前面有时可以用来代表前面刚提到过的名词以避免重复。刚提到过的名词以避免重复。The best cotton is that from Xinjiang.新疆的棉质量最好。新疆的棉质量最好。指示代词的固定搭配:指示代词的固定搭配:like this 像这样像这样 thats all right 没关系没关系 more than that 更重要的是更重要的是 for all that 尽管如此尽管如此 So thats that.就是这样。就是这样。(五)疑问代词疑问代词包括:疑问代词包括:who(指人,主格),指人,主格),whom(宾格),(宾

15、格),whose(所有格),(所有格),what(指物)(指物),which(指人或物)(指人或物)。疑问代词引导疑问句,在句中可以作主语、宾语、。疑问代词引导疑问句,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:表语、定语等。例如:Which do you like best,your mother or your father?Who is your favourite composer?What channel did you watch on television last night?Whom did you meet on your way home?这里,这里,which是同学们不

16、易掌握的内容,其实,同学是同学们不易掌握的内容,其实,同学们只须记住,对作定语的内容提问,常用们只须记住,对作定语的内容提问,常用which.例如例如:I like the red shirt._ _ do you like?(六)关系代词who(whom,whose),which,that等可用做关系代等可用做关系代词,引导定语从句。例如:词,引导定语从句。例如:He is a man who can play the piano very well.The people whom you met in the campus yesterday are from England.Is the

17、re anyone in your department whose father is a painter?(七)不定代词不定代词在初中课本中主要有不定代词在初中课本中主要有some,any,each,every,all,none both,either neither,other,another,one,many,much,few,little,1.some&anysome(一些,某)(一些,某)一般用于肯定句中一般用于肯定句中 注:注:some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。在由有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。在由would you like发出的问句中,表达了说话者真心实意要为发出的问

18、句中,表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料,或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答对方提供些饮料,或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时,在疑问句中要用复时,在疑问句中要用some而不用而不用any。Will you give me some water?Would you like some meat?May I ask some questions?Could I have some apples?any(任何)(任何)多用于疑问句和否定句多用于疑问句和否定句 2.every&eachevery 单数名词单数名词“每一个每一个”强调共性,作定语强调共性,作定语,形形式上为单数。如式上为单数。如:Ever

19、y child likes playing games.each“每一个每一个”强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,常与同位语,常与of连用。连用。each作句子主语时其谓语动作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式,如:词要用单数形式,如:Each of us wants to learn English well,Each of them has a nice skirt.但但each作同位语时,则应以原名词的数为准。如作同位语时,则应以原名词的数为准。如:We each have a ticket for the concert.every只可作形容词,不可作代

20、词,而只可作形容词,不可作代词,而each既可作形既可作形容词,又可作代词,在作形容词时容词,又可作代词,在作形容词时each侧重强调个侧重强调个体,而体,而every 则侧重于全体。则侧重于全体。every用于三者或三者用于三者或三者以上的每一个,而以上的每一个,而each用于二者或二者以上的每一用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧,所以只能用个。因为街道只有两侧,所以只能用each而不能用而不能用every.3.All&none 3.all“(全部全部)都都”表示三者或三者以表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在连系、助上,作同位语时,一般放在连系、助动词之后,行为动词之前。如:

21、动词之后,行为动词之前。如:We are all from Canada.=All of us are from Canada.none“没有没有”表示三者或三者以上表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词都不,后常跟介词of。如:。如:None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(单、复数(单、复数均可)均可)4.both,either,neither4.both“(两者)都(两者)都”,作主语时,看作复数;作作主语时,看作复数;作定语时,后跟名词复数。定语时,后跟名词复数。either“两者中任何一个两者中任何一个”,作主语时,谓语用第作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数三人称单数

22、;作定语时,后跟名词单数。作定语时,后跟名词单数。neither“(两者两者)都不都不”,含有否定意义,用法同含有否定意义,用法同either。如:如:They both swim well.Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street.=There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.Neither answer is right.5.Another&otheranother+

23、单数名词单数名词,“另一个另一个”,用于泛指用于泛指 one the other“一个一个,另一个,另一个”the other+复数名词复数名词=the others“其他的人其他的人或物或物”(指确定范围内剩下的全部)(指确定范围内剩下的全部)others“别人别人”如:如:There are ten students here.Where are the others?There are ten students here Where are the other students?6.eitheror,neithernor由由eitheror,neithernor,or 连接两个主语连接两

24、个主语时,如果两主语是单数时,用单数代词,如时,如果两主语是单数时,用单数代词,如两主语是复数时,用复数代词,如:两主语是复数时,用复数代词,如:Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.在在eitheror,或或neithernor连接两个主语时,连接两个主语时,其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。7.oneone作代词时,它的复数形式是作代词时,它的复数形式是ones,所有所有格形式是格形式是ones,反身代词为,反身代词为oneself.如果如果one

25、与别的词组成其他词,如:与别的词组成其他词,如:someone,anyone,everyone或或only one 则要用则要用his/her,来作其所有格形式。,来作其所有格形式。8.many,much,few,littlemany,much,few,little这这4个词前仅能用个词前仅能用so much用于不可数名词,作主语时用单数谓用于不可数名词,作主语时用单数谓语动词。而语动词。而many用于可数名词,它作主语用于可数名词,它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。时用复数形式的谓语动词。a few/a little为有一些。为有一些。few用于可数名词,用于可数名词,little用于用于不可

26、数名词不可数名词,意为几乎没有,但意为几乎没有,但few作主语作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式,时谓语动词则要用复数形式,little与与few用用于句中时,均要按否定句看待。于句中时,均要按否定句看待。如:如:You have few friends,have you?(八)相互代词相互代词包括相互代词包括each other和和one another。相互。相互代词有数和格的变化,代词有数和格的变化,each others,one anothers为所有格形式。为所有格形式。相互代词在句中作宾语(直接宾语,介词宾语),相互代词在句中作宾语(直接宾语,介词宾语),其所有格可作定语。如:其所有格

27、可作定语。如:Most of us know each other pretty well.The men shook hands with one another.三 例题解析1 These are books.Yours are over there.A/B my C me D mine 2 is she?She is a teacher.A What B How C Who D Where3 is wrong with my watch.It has stopped.A Something,working B Something,to work C Any thing,working D

28、 Anything,to work答案答案B.析这里应用形容词性物主代词。析这里应用形容词性物主代词。答案答案A.析这里的四个疑问词放在析这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立,但其意义不同。问句中全都成立,但其意义不同。What is she?应译为应译为“她的工作是什么她的工作是什么?”或或“她是做什么的她是做什么的?”而而How is she?应译为应译为“她身体如何她身体如何?”而而Who is she?应译为应译为“她是谁她是谁?”其答语应为其答语应为“她叫什么名字。她叫什么名字。”而而Where is she?应为应为“她在什么地方她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。由答语决定了

29、这道题的选择。答案答案A.析因为是肯定句所以应用析因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于其后由于表停止工作了,则表停止工作了,则stop后要用动名词。后要用动名词。4 Mary,help to the bananas,please.A you B your C yourself D yourselves5 do you go to school every day?By bus.A How B Why C When D Where答案答案C.析析help oneself to something为为“自己拿某物自己拿某物”。yourself为为“你一个人你一个人”,而,而yourse

30、lves为为“你们你们”。答案答案A.析这题的答案是由问句决定的。析这题的答案是由问句决定的。6 My skirt is popular than.A much,her B much,hers C more,her D more,hers7 Can you speak English?Yes,but only.A few B a few C little D a little答案答案D.析因句中有析因句中有than,所以应选用比较级,所以应选用比较级,而而than后要选用名词性物主代词。后要选用名词性物主代词。答案答案D.析因会讲某种语言的多少要用析因会讲某种语言的多少要用a little,把

31、它看作不可数名词对待,此答语为:是的,把它看作不可数名词对待,此答语为:是的,但仅仅会讲一点。但仅仅会讲一点。8 Mr.Smith is an old friend of.A I B me C my D mine9“do you hear from your parents?”“About once a month.”A How long B How manyC How often D How much答案答案D.析这里应选名词性物主代词,这也析这里应选名词性物主代词,这也是英语的一种习惯用法,而不要选择是英语的一种习惯用法,而不要选择my。答案答案C.析析How often问的是某一动作发问

32、的是某一动作发生的频率,即在单位时间内发生多少次。生的频率,即在单位时间内发生多少次。10 Mr Green wouldnt say at the meeting.A everything B nothing C anything D something11“Mum,Anns coming tonight.Lets give her to eat.”“Good idea!”A anything nice B nice anythingC something nice D nice something答案答案C.析析在否定句中应用在否定句中应用anything答案答案C.析肯定句中用析肯定句中用

33、something而不用而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。前面。12 When shall we meet,this evening or tomorrow evening?I dont mind.time is OK.A Some B Neither C Either D Both13 This is not her kite,but.A hes B him C he D his答案答案C.析因如选用析因如选用both则名词要用则名词要用复数名词,也要用复数谓语动词,由于答语复数名词,也要用复数谓语动词,由于答语前有前有I

34、dont mind 则决定不能选择则决定不能选择neither.答案答案D.析要注意析要注意“他的他的”名词性物主代词与名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。形容词性物主代词是同形的。14 Dont worry,Mum!news is good news.Im sure daddy will come back soon.A No B Many C Those D Two15 Mary has six apples.Her brother has three.She has apples than he.A few B many C more D fewer答案答案A.析这是一条谚语,即没

35、有消息就是好消息。析这是一条谚语,即没有消息就是好消息。答案答案C.析由于是比较级,根据题意应选析由于是比较级,根据题意应选“多于多于”而而不是不是“少于少于”。1.There isnt in todays newspaper.A anything interesting B something interestingC nothing interesting D interesting anything2.September 10th is Day?A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers3.In England,people eat a lot

36、of“takeaway”food.What about people in your country?A So we do.B We do so.C So do we.D We so do.4.Shall we go into that shop and have a look?Sorry.I wont.I have to do there.A everything B anything C something D nothing课时训练ADCD由于句子是否定句,由于句子是否定句,应选择应选择anything,而且不定代词的修而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。饰语应放在其后面。在答语中用简略方

37、式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时,则要采用倒装句,但如果仅仅是对上句的重复个主语时,则要采用倒装句,但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。则不要倒装。这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。5.My sister doesnt like skating.A So do I B So I dontC Neither I dont D Neither do I6.Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,.A you,he

38、and I B I,you and heC he,I and you D you,I and he7.All the students are busy,soof them will go to the concert.A many B little C a few D fewD.析这是表达上面否定句中的动作,也同样不适合于析这是表达上面否定句中的动作,也同样不适合于第二个人。所以要用第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句并要采用倒装句。A.析这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。析这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。D.8.Oh,dear!Who broke the glass?Sam

39、Bruce.It was the cat.A Both,and B Not,but C Neither,nor D Either,or 9.The students are having a good time in the park.Some are drawing by the lake.are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other 10.She is not a nurse.Im not.A also B either C neither D too 11.I have two pencils.One is re

40、d,is blue.A the other B another C others D the others C.A.析这里因为是代替复数名词,所以应用名词性的复数析这里因为是代替复数名词,所以应用名词性的复数代名词。代名词。B.A.析两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代析两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代是泛指复数代名词,而名词,而the others是特指复数代名词。是特指复数代名词。12.Sorry,I cant answer your question.I know about t

41、he subject.A little B a little C few D a few 13.The teacher gave student a new book.A nobody B both C each D any 14.Black is neither a teacher a worker.A or B either C nor D and 15.Our teacher gave uson studying.A many advices B some advicesC an advice D some advice A.C.both其后的名词应为复数,而其后的名词应为复数,而any

42、用于疑问句和否定句中用于疑问句和否定句中只有只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。可以修饰单数可数名词。C.D.16.There are two foreign friends in the park.One is from Japan,is from America.A other B others C the other D the others17.Are there on the table?A some cups B any cup C some cup D any cups18.Ive just bought five stamps.One is a German stamp,are

43、American stamps.A the other B the others C other D others C.D.析此句是疑问句,应用析此句是疑问句,应用any cups,因提问时的因提问时的be动词动词用的是用的是are。B.析此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定,所以应选特析此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定,所以应选特指的代名词。指的代名词。the other只能用作单数,而只能用作单数,而others是泛指是泛指复数代名词,故只能选复数代名词,故只能选B。19.It was fine day that they went to the park.A a so B so a C such

44、 a D a such 20.At that time the train was slow and noisy.Sopeople liked taking trains.A little B a little C few D a few 21.We must help and understand each.A other B another C others D the other A.析析each other意为意为“互相互相”,是习惯用语。,是习惯用语。CC.析在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法,即析在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法,即such+不定不定冠词冠词+形容词形容词+可数名词单

45、数形式,如:可数名词单数形式,如:such a good day,或,或者用者用so加形容词加形容词+不定冠词不定冠词+可数名词单数,如:可数名词单数,如:so good a day.22.is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man B One C That D It 23.Jane has sent several letters,but of them have been answered.A all B both C either D none 24.I dont know about the new headmaster.A something B everything C nothing D anything 25.of the students in the whole class could do this physics question.A No B None C Not D Neither D.D.析析several letters意为意为“若干信件若干信件”,应看作多于,应看作多于两者,则在两者,则在A、D中作选择,仅中作选择,仅D符合句意。符合句意。D.析否定句中应用析否定句中应用anything.B.

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