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1、 Part IVStative vs.Dynamic Translate the following sentences:1)医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。2)他能吃能睡 3)他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。4)他失业以后，就很不合群了。5)The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.6)I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.7)他们立刻出动去追击敌人.8)有人给他撑腰。9)他在读书。10)机器正在运行 11)说完这些话，
2、她便走开了。English:StaticChinese:DynamicR.Quirk:Broadly speaking,nouns can be characterized naturally as stative in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable,whether these are concrete(physical)like house,table,paper,or abstract(of the mind)like hope,botany,length.At the opposite pole,verbs
3、 can be equally naturally characterized as dynamic:they are fitted(by their capacity to show tense and aspect,for example)to indicate action,activity and temporary or changing conditions.Stative English1.Nominalization2.Agentive nouns in place of verbs.3.Preparation-Prominent4.Verbs-weaken5.Ajective
4、s and adverbs in place of verbs1.Nominalization Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses,which contain finite verbs,with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts.名名词词化化主主要要指指用用名名词词（短短语语）来来表表达达原原来来属属于于动动词词（短短语语）所所表表达达的的信信息息，如如用用抽抽象象名名词词来来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等表达动作、行为、变化、状态等。For exa
5、mple:because the surface of the retina is spherical-because of the sphericity of the retinal surfacesomething is near the nucleus-something occupies a juxtanuclear position Dennis Freeborn points out:Formal acdemic writing tends to use a characteristic style which caters for other academic rather th
6、an the general public.1)医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully;the result was that he recovered very speedily.The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy
7、recovery.2.To use Agentive Nouns in place of Verbs 1)他能吃能睡He is a good eater and a good sleeper2)他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler.3)他失业以后，就很不合群了。Since he lost his job,hes been a loner.4)The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.计算机比人检查的更细心、更勤快。5)I u
8、sed to be a bit of a fancier myself.过去我常常胡思乱想。3 Preparation-prominent3.1Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases英语常用介词短语代替动词短语，即“以静代动”3.2noun+preparation名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。3.1 Preparation phrases in place of verb phrases1）他们立刻出动去追击敌人。They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.2）有人给他撑腰。H
9、e has someone behind him.3)他在读书。He is at his books.4)机器正在运行。The machine is in operation5)说完这些话，她便走开了。With these words,she went away.3.2名词名词+介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短介词的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。语。give rise to (arouse)make contact with (meet)arrive at a decision (decide)bring to a conclusion (finish)undertake a study
10、of (study)take into consideration (consider)afford an opportunity to (allow)carry out experiments (experiment)conduct an investigation into (investigate)of a kindly nature (kind)of an unusual character (unusual)beyond the shadow of a doubt (certain)due to the fact that (because)on two separate occas
11、ions (twice)in view of the foregoing circumstances (therefore)4.Verb-weaken动词的弱化与虚化动词的弱化与虚化 4.1 英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词-to be，其各种形式包括must be,maybe,should have been都缺乏动态感，由it或there与be构成的句式，其静态意味更加明显：There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida佛罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴A tropical storm lashed the east co
12、ast of Florida.一场热带风暴袭击了佛罗里达东海岸 4.2 英语还常把动词转化或派生成名词,置于虚化动词(have,make,take,do)之后做其宾语,如have a look,take a walk,make attempts,pay visits,do some damages,put up a proposal等。这类动词短语显得虚弱而平淡无味。如：After he had a quarrel with his boss,Jack quit.After he quarreled with his boss,Jack quit.杰克与老板争吵之后就辞职了5.Ajective
13、s and Adverbs in place of Verbs5.1英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义。1)I am doubtful whether he is still alive(doubt,live)我怀疑他是否还活着2)The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients(sympathize)医生同情他的病人5.2英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。1)Im afraid Mr.Brown is out,but hell be in soon恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快会回来的2)Hel
14、l be home in half an hour他将在半小时内到家3)The newspaper was down at six yesterday昨天报纸六点钟付印4)Down with the old and up with the new.破旧立新。Dynamic Chinese1.动词连用是汉语常见现象2.动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分3.汉语动词常常重复或重叠1.动词连用是汉语常见现象动词连用是汉语常见现象连动式、兼语式、把字式、被动式1）He thought his way out of the dilemma.他想办法摆脱了困境（连动式）2）We asked her to
15、 sing我们请他唱歌（兼语式）3）Go to the classroom and call him back你去教室把他叫回来（把字式）4）I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism我被老师叫到办公室去做检讨（被字式）2.动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分动词（词组）可充当汉语句子的各种成分2.1可充当助动词，置于主要动词的前后，形成动可充当助动词，置于主要动词的前后，形成动词连用。词连用。他来借书他借书来了他来借书来了Hes come to borrow books2.2汉语动词可充当介可充当介词葵
16、花朵朵向太阳Sunflowers turn towards the sun向自然开战to wage a battle against nature人们来来往往People are coming and going他往东走去He went in an eastward direction2.3汉语动词常常重复或重叠汉语动词常常重复或重叠1）我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。I waited with growing impatience to get on my way,not for one minute but for quite a considerable ti
17、me.2）要吃有吃，要穿有穿。You will have enough to eat and enough to wear.3）来的来，去的去。Some come,and others leave.4）学问，学问，要学要问，边学边问，才有学问。Acquistion of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation 汉语许多日常用语和文章标题，常用富于动态的动词，如果译成英语，常常要转换为富于静态的名词、形容词或副词，这样才比较有“洋味”。1）走开！Stay away!2）别管我！Leave me alone!3）他吃素，不吃荤H
18、e is a vegetarian4）她们飞上了蓝天（报纸标题）Women Pilots in China5）周阿斗寻父记（文章标题）A Reunion of Father and Son6）你老是看钟等着下课啊！Oh!Youre a clock-watcher!S.Potter:Our western civilization,it has been said,favours an over-development of the intellect at the expense of the emotions.That is why people prefer nouns to verbs.
19、They suffer from what the Germans call noun disease.So instead of saying quite simply and straightwardly London is growing rapidly,they say Londons growth is rapid.Instead of saying John came too soon,they say Johns arrival was prematureExercises：Dynamic-Static1你需要钱，我可以借给你。2这样的岩石最适宜储存地下水。3什么宴会都少不了他4雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。