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1、形容词与形容词形容词与形容词词词组组一一.分类分类 二二.功能功能 三三.级级 四四.位置位置五五.其他其他六六.小牛试刀小牛试刀七七.同学们的问题同学们的问题一一.形容词的分类形容词的分类:1.1.多功能形容词多功能形容词指既能充当定语又能充当表语、宾语补足语的形指既能充当定语又能充当表语、宾语补足语的形容词,多数形容词属于这类。词,多数形容词属于这类。the best the best possible possible meansmeans(前置定语)(前置定语)the best means the best means possiblepossible (后置定语)(后置定语)It i
2、s It is possible possible that he will come that he will come(表语)(表语)That made it That made it possiblepossible for us to fulfil the task on for us to fulfil the task on time.time.(宾语补足语)(宾语补足语)2.2.前置定语形容词前置定语形容词指只能用做前置定语(或在特定意义或用法中只能指只能用做前置定语(或在特定意义或用法中只能用作前置定语)的形容词。用作前置定语)的形容词。1)-most 1)-most 类类 指
3、以词尾指以词尾-most-most 结尾的形容词,如结尾的形容词,如 utmost,utmost,foremost,innermostforemost,innermost等。等。2)2)elderelder类类指以指以-er-er结尾的形容词,如结尾的形容词,如 elder,inner,other,elder,inner,other,latterlatter等。等。Her Her elder elder brother is 16.(brother is 16.(正)正)Her brother is Her brother is elderelder.(.(误)误)3)-en3)-en类类指以
4、指以-en-en结尾的形容词,如结尾的形容词,如 wooden,golden,earthern wooden,golden,earthern等表示物质的形容词。等表示物质的形容词。NoteNote:有些多功能形容词,在某些特定意义上只用作前置有些多功能形容词,在某些特定意义上只用作前置定语。定语。eg:eg:her her rightright shoe shoe 穿在她右脚上的鞋(不可说:穿在她右脚上的鞋(不可说:the shoe the shoe that is that is rightright)3.3.后置定语形容词后置定语形容词指在用作定语时,须放在被修饰的词之后的形容词,指在用作
5、定语时,须放在被修饰的词之后的形容词,可分为下面几种情况。可分为下面几种情况。1 1)少数形容词或分词习惯上或在某种意义上后置作少数形容词或分词习惯上或在某种意义上后置作定语定语 常用的有:常用的有:general,immemorial,extraordinarygeneral,immemorial,extraordinary(特派(特派的)等。的)等。eg:from time eg:from time immemorialimmemorial 远古以来远古以来 Governor Governor General General(英)总督英)总督2 2)由前缀由前缀a-a-构成的形容词作定语时
6、要求后置构成的形容词作定语时要求后置 常见的有:常见的有:afraid,alive,alone,alike,ashamed,afraid,alive,alone,alike,ashamed,asleep,awakeasleep,awake等。等。eg:He is the only man eg:He is the only man awake awake at that time.at that time.他是当时唯他是当时唯一醒着的人。一醒着的人。3 3)修饰由修饰由no,some,any,everyno,some,any,every构成的复合不定代构成的复合不定代词的形容词要求后置。词的形
7、容词要求后置。something something new new nothing interesting nothing interesting 4)4)形容词用来修饰称呼时可以后置形容词用来修饰称呼时可以后置 mother mother dear dear 亲爱的母亲亲爱的母亲 my lady my lady sweet sweet 亲爱的夫人亲爱的夫人5 5)某些形容词作非限制性定语时可以后置某些形容词作非限制性定语时可以后置 The boy,The boy,slient slient,stood at the door.,stood at the door.那个男孩一声不那个男孩一声
8、不吭地站在门旁。吭地站在门旁。6 6)形容词成对使用时须后置形容词成对使用时须后置 It was March,It was March,balmy and warmbalmy and warm.阳春三月,莺飞草长。阳春三月,莺飞草长。7)7)形容词短语(或形容词性的其他短语)一般后置形容词短语(或形容词性的其他短语)一般后置Have you found a man Have you found a man suitable for the work suitable for the work?(形容词形容词+介词短语)介词短语)I didnt know she was a woman I di
9、dnt know she was a woman so difficult to so difficult to pleaseplease.(形容词(形容词+不定式)不定式)He is a man(who is)He is a man(who is)so noble and strong-minded thatso noble and strong-minded that even his enemies admired him.even his enemies admired him.(so+(so+形容词形容词+that+that+从句从句)NoteNote:某些形容词如果本身有修饰语,有
10、时前置后置某些形容词如果本身有修饰语,有时前置后置均可,意义上没有变化。均可,意义上没有变化。eg:a 300-metre high building eg:a 300-metre high building a building 300-metre high(a building 300-metre high(一幢一幢300300米高的大楼)米高的大楼)8 8)前后置定语的两点补充说明前后置定语的两点补充说明(1)1)不定式作定语须后置,但用连字符的不定式被不定式作定语须后置,但用连字符的不定式被动式要前置;分词短语一般后置,但过去分词有时动式要前置;分词短语一般后置,但过去分词有时可以前置
11、;用连字符的介词短语要前置。可以前置;用连字符的介词短语要前置。a a much-to-be-longed-formuch-to-be-longed-for place place一个非常令人神往的地方一个非常令人神往的地方a a never-to-be-forgottennever-to-be-forgotten face face 一个难忘的面容一个难忘的面容a a quarter-past-eight quarter-past-eight train train 一次八点一刻的列车一次八点一刻的列车(2 2)一般来讲,前置定语形容词同中心词结构紧密,)一般来讲,前置定语形容词同中心词结构
12、紧密,表示该中心词的较永久的特征,而后置定语形容表示该中心词的较永久的特征,而后置定语形容词多表示暂时的特性。词多表示暂时的特性。thethe stars stars visiblevisible(在特定的情况下)能看见的星星(在特定的情况下)能看见的星星thethe visible visible stars stars(在一般情况下)能看见的星星(在一般情况下)能看见的星星4.4.表语形容词表语形容词指只用作表语的形容词,可分为如下两种(少数这指只用作表语的形容词,可分为如下两种(少数这类词亦可作补语)。类词亦可作补语)。1)afraid,alive,aglowafraid,alive,a
13、glow,asleep,aware,aground,asleep,aware,aground,abloom,alone,amiss,ashamed,awashabloom,alone,amiss,ashamed,awash等以前缀等以前缀a-a-开首的形容词开首的形容词The sky wasThe sky was aglow aglow with the setting sun.with the setting sun.晚霞满天晚霞满天上述这些词都不能做前置定语,但当它们本身带有上述这些词都不能做前置定语,但当它们本身带有副词修饰时,又可做前置定语。副词修饰时,又可做前置定语。eg:a eg:
14、a really alive really alive student student 一个非常活跃的学生一个非常活跃的学生1.Note:Note:(1 1)这类形容词(短语)可用作状语,可用这类形容词(短语)可用作状语,可用某些副词修饰,可有自己的比较级或者最高级(用某些副词修饰,可有自己的比较级或者最高级(用moremore和和mostmost),有些可后接介词短语),有些可后接介词短语,不定式短语或不定式短语或从句。从句。eg:eg:AloneAlone,he did not care much about food.,he did not care much about food.Sa
15、lly is Sally is fast asleepfast asleep.He felt He felt more ashamedmore ashamed than ever.than ever.Her face was Her face was ablaze with happinessablaze with happiness.(2 2)aloff,alertaloff,alert可随意用做前置定语可随意用做前置定语eg:She is an eg:She is an alertalert girl.girl.她是一个很机灵的女孩。她是一个很机灵的女孩。2 2)well,worth,su
16、bject,content,ill,sunk,drunk,well,worth,subject,content,ill,sunk,drunk,sure,unablesure,unable等词等词eg:The film is eg:The film is worth worth seeing.(seeing.(正正)This is a This is a worthworth film.(film.(误误)Note:Note:illill不作不作“生病生病”解时,可用做前置定语。如解时,可用做前置定语。如ill luckill luck(厄运),(厄运),ill windill wind(逆风)
17、,(逆风),ill ill newsnews(坏消息)等。(坏消息)等。另外,英语惯用法要求,另外,英语惯用法要求,alikealike等表语形容词用等表语形容词用much,very muchmuch,very much或习惯搭配的副词修饰不用或习惯搭配的副词修饰不用veryvery修饰。修饰。eg:eg:He is He is very very asleep.(asleep.(误误)He is He is fast fast asleep.(asleep.(正正)He is He is soundsound asleep.(asleep.(正正)但,但,Im Im veryvery wel
18、l.well.(正)(正)Im Im muchmuch(very much)well(very much)well.(误误)5.5.静态形容词与动态形容词静态形容词与动态形容词参考课本参考课本 P260“P260“动态形容词与静态形容词动态形容词与静态形容词”补充补充:1)1)动态形容词常用于动态形容词常用于“it is+“it is+形容词形容词+of.”+of.”结构,静态形容词常用于结构,静态形容词常用于“it is+“it is+形容形容词词+for.”+for.”结构结构It is It is kind of you kind of you to do that.to do that
19、.It is It is easy for us easy for us to do that.to do that.NoteNote:动态形容词与静态形容词都可用在以动态形容词与静态形容词都可用在以howhow开头开头的感叹句中。的感叹句中。eg:How eg:How dull dull the book is!the book is!How How small small the cat is!the cat is!2)2)动态形容词作表语时可与动态形容词作表语时可与for.sakefor.sake结构连用,也结构连用,也可与表语的附加语连用,而静态形容词则不可可与表语的附加语连用,而静态
20、形容词则不可She was careful onlyShe was careful only reluctantly reluctantly.(.(正正)She was tall only She was tall only reluctantlyreluctantly.(.(误误)NoteNote:(1)(1)动态形容词用于进行时态,表示人在某种情况动态形容词用于进行时态,表示人在某种情况下的行动,是一种暂时的变化着的特征和状态,表现下的行动,是一种暂时的变化着的特征和状态,表现说话人的批评,抱怨,惊讶,谴责,赞扬等情感。说话人的批评,抱怨,惊讶,谴责,赞扬等情感。eg:You are eg
21、:You are being cruelbeing cruel.(.(相当于相当于Dont be so cruel!)Dont be so cruel!)(2 2)tall,young,smarttall,young,smart等静态动词,不可用于祈使句,但等静态动词,不可用于祈使句,但有时可用于进行时态,具有动态性,表示某种暂时变有时可用于进行时态,具有动态性,表示某种暂时变化着的特征或状态。化着的特征或状态。eg:She is eg:She is being youngbeing young today.(today.(相当于相当于She is making an She is makin
22、g an effort today to appear younger.effort today to appear younger.今天,她尽力显得年今天,她尽力显得年轻些。轻些。)(3 3)有些形容词兼有动态性和静态性。有些形容词兼有动态性和静态性。difficultdifficult做做动态形容词时,意为动态形容词时,意为“刁难、与人为难刁难、与人为难”;hardhard做动态形容词时,意为做动态形容词时,意为“苛刻、严厉苛刻、严厉”。He isHe is being difficultbeing difficult!他在刁难人!他在刁难人!Dont be so Dont be so h
23、ard hard on me.on me.不要待我这样苛刻。不要待我这样苛刻。6.6.只能作定语不能做表语的形容词只能作定语不能做表语的形容词1 1)某些起特指作用或强调作用的形容词(但某些起特指作用或强调作用的形容词(但firm,true,certainfirm,true,certain等在某些意义上可用作表语)等在某些意义上可用作表语)a a certaincertain winner winner 某位获胜者某位获胜者 a a truetrue scholar scholar 真正的学者真正的学者 He ia a He ia a completecomplete fool.(fool.(
24、正正)The fool is The fool is completecomplete.(.(误误)2)2)某些源自名词等的形容词某些源自名词等的形容词That is an That is an electricelectric calculator.(calculator.(正正)The calculator is The calculator is electricelectric.(.(误误)其他还有:其他还有:advanceadvance先头的,先头的,apres-skiapres-ski滑雪后的,滑雪后的,burntburnt,woodenwooden,outboardoutboar
25、d船外的,船外的,wild-catwild-cat不切实际的不切实际的.NoteNote:英语中有些形容词,既可作定语,也可作表语,但表英语中有些形容词,既可作定语,也可作表语,但表示的意思往往不同。比较:示的意思往往不同。比较:He felt faint for lack of enough restHe felt faint for lack of enough rest。(昏厥的)。(昏厥的)He had a very faint hope of success.(He had a very faint hope of success.(渺茫的渺茫的)7.7.介词用作形容词介词用作形容词
26、英语中有些介词,可放在名词前起形容词的作用,作定语,英语中有些介词,可放在名词前起形容词的作用,作定语,也可作表语。例如:也可作表语。例如:1 1)above above the above sentencethe above sentence或或the sentence abovethe sentence above(上面的)(上面的)2 2)outsideoutside an outside door(an outside door(外边的外边的)an outsiade wrapping)an outsiade wrapping(外包装)(外包装)3)3)in in Thats the i
27、n place to go now.Thats the in place to go now.(时髦的)(时髦的)an in door an in door(朝里面的)(朝里面的)4)4)inside inside the inside front the inside front(书等)封面的背面(里面的)(书等)封面的背面(里面的)5)5)down down a down platform a down platform 下行列车月台(向下的)下行列车月台(向下的)make a down payment make a down payment(现付的)(现付的)6 6)offoffoff
28、hours off hours(业余时间的)(业余时间的)fell off fell off(不舒服的)(不舒服的)7)7)after after in after years in after years(以后的)(以后的)an after cabin an after cabin(后部的)(后部的)8)8)throughthrougha through train a through train(直达的)(直达的)a through ticketa through ticket(通票)(通票)You are You are throughthrough.电话通了。(但在美国表示通话完毕)电
29、话通了。(但在美国表示通话完毕)8.8.复合形容词复合形容词详见课本详见课本P259“P259“单词形容词和复合形容词单词形容词和复合形容词”9.9.主动意义形容词和被动意义形容词主动意义形容词和被动意义形容词详见课本详见课本P263“P263“主动意义和被动意义主动意义和被动意义”10.10.由现在分词转换而来的由现在分词转换而来的-ing-ing形容词形容词详见课本详见课本P263“P263“由由-ing-ing分词转换而来的形容词分词转换而来的形容词”11.11.由过去分词转换而来的由过去分词转换而来的-ed-ed形容词形容词详见课本详见课本P263“P263“由由-ed-ed分词转换而
30、来的形容词分词转换而来的形容词”12.12.名词名词+-ed+-ed分词构成的形容词分词构成的形容词有一类形容词是由有一类形容词是由“名词名词+-ed”+-ed”构成的,这类形容词通常作定语。构成的,这类形容词通常作定语。eg:a eg:a skilled skilled politician politician 老练的政治家老练的政治家 a a gifted gifted musician musician 有天赋的音乐家有天赋的音乐家 a heavily a heavily beardedbearded man man 长一大把胡子的人长一大把胡子的人二二 .形容词的功能:形容词的功能:
31、1.1.作定语作定语He is the greatest writer He is the greatest writer alive.alive.他是依然健在的最伟大的作家。他是依然健在的最伟大的作家。Someone Someone elseelse has done it.has done it.注意下面几个作定语的形容词的含义:注意下面几个作定语的形容词的含义:A heavy eater A heavy eater 吃得多的人(吃得多的人(=somebody who eats=somebody who eats heavilyheavily)A poor doctor-A poor do
32、ctor-精神病医生精神病医生 患精神病的医生患精神病的医生An English teacher-An English teacher-英语教师英语教师 英国人教师英国人教师2.2.做补语做补语形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果(如现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果(如 knock sb.senselessknock sb.senseless),并常用在表示),并常用在表示“认为,认为,看待看待”的动词如的动词如 believe believe,proveprove,considerconsider等后
33、。等后。e.g.The news made her very e.g.The news made her very sadsad.(.(宾语补足语宾语补足语)The Internet has made the global village The Internet has made the global village possible.(possible.(宾语补足语宾语补足语)The bottle was found The bottle was found emptyempty.(.(主语补足语主语补足语)The facts proved his accusation The facts
34、 proved his accusation groundlessgroundless.事实证明他的指责是毫无根据的。事实证明他的指责是毫无根据的。3.3.作状语作状语形容词(短语)可作状语,其位置可以是句首、形容词(短语)可作状语,其位置可以是句首、句句中和句末;形容词作状语时,可以看作中和句末;形容词作状语时,可以看作“being+“being+形容词形容词”结构或结构或whenwhen、ifif、becausebecause等从等从句句的省略,的省略,表示时间、方式、原因、伴随、让步、强调、条表示时间、方式、原因、伴随、让步、强调、条件等,或对主语进行解释,说明主语是什么一种件等,或对主
35、语进行解释,说明主语是什么一种情况;或进行强调。情况;或进行强调。e.g.e.g.RipeRipe,the oranges will sell at a good price.,the oranges will sell at a good price.(时间)(时间)Alice tiptoed to the bed,Alice tiptoed to the bed,carefullycarefully notnot toto wakewake thethe babybaby.(方式)(方式)Eager to see the sunrise,Eager to see the sunrise,t
36、hey got up at four.they got up at four.(原因)(原因)Cheerful and warm-hearted,Cheerful and warm-hearted,she gave help to a she gave help to a lot of people.lot of people.(伴随,起补充说明的作用)(伴随,起补充说明的作用)Energetic and enthusiasticEnergetic and enthusiastic,he plunged into the,he plunged into the new work.new wor
37、k.(说明主语的状态)(说明主语的状态)John is John is bigbig and busy.and busy.(强调,(强调,=very busy=very busy)The building is The building is fine fine and tall.and tall.(强调,(强调,=very=very talltall)注意:注意:1.1.上述作状语的形容词,若位于主语后,强上述作状语的形容词,若位于主语后,强调性较弱,若位于句尾,则强调性最强。调性较弱,若位于句尾,则强调性最强。e.g.e.g.He,He,sadsad andand tiredtired,s
38、leptslept allall day.day.(弱)(弱)He slept all day,He slept all day,sadsad andand tiredtired.(强)(强)2.2.2.2.有些形容词如有些形容词如有些形容词如有些形容词如 strange,funny,curious,odd,strange,funny,curious,odd,strange,funny,curious,odd,strange,funny,curious,odd,important,surprising,remarkable important,surprising,remarkable imp
39、ortant,surprising,remarkable important,surprising,remarkable 等作状语时,等作状语时,等作状语时,等作状语时,表示的是评注性的说明,是说话者的某种看法,前表示的是评注性的说明,是说话者的某种看法,前表示的是评注性的说明,是说话者的某种看法,前表示的是评注性的说明,是说话者的某种看法,前面可加面可加面可加面可加 more more more more 或或或或 most,most,most,most,转换成转换成转换成转换成 It is that It is that It is that It is that 句型。句型。句型。句型。
40、e.g.e.g.e.g.e.g.StrangeStrangeStrangeStrange,hehehehe is ignorant of it.is ignorant of it.is ignorant of it.is ignorant of it.很奇怪,那件事他很奇怪,那件事他很奇怪,那件事他很奇怪,那件事他竟一点也不知道。竟一点也不知道。竟一点也不知道。竟一点也不知道。True,True,True,True,he has done his best.he has done his best.he has done his best.he has done his best.3.bitt
41、er 3.bitter 3.bitter 3.bitter 等亦可用作副词,作状语等亦可用作副词,作状语等亦可用作副词,作状语等亦可用作副词,作状语如如如如 bitter cold bitter cold bitter cold bitter cold 酷寒酷寒酷寒酷寒,red hot,red hot,red hot,red hot 炽热炽热炽热炽热,dead asleep,dead asleep,dead asleep,dead asleep 熟睡熟睡熟睡熟睡,dead sure dead sure dead sure dead sure 铁定铁定铁定铁定,awful sick,awful
42、sick,awful sick,awful sick 病得厉害病得厉害病得厉害病得厉害,a real good,a real good,a real good,a real good time time time time 好时光好时光好时光好时光.4.4.做表语做表语在下列三类系动词或感官动词后,要用形容词作表在下列三类系动词或感官动词后,要用形容词作表语,不可用副词。语,不可用副词。1.1.表示表示“是,在是,在”的动词要求用形容词作表语。的动词要求用形容词作表语。remain,keep remain,keep 持续在持续在,continue,continue 继续在,继续在,stay s
43、tay 保持,保持,stand stand 位于,位于,come come 果然变成,等。果然变成,等。He He remained silent remained silent at the meeting.at the meeting.2.2.表示表示“变成,成为变成,成为”的动词要求用形容词作表语。的动词要求用形容词作表语。Grow,turn,get,go,come,Grow,turn,get,go,come,等。等。3.3.感觉,感官动词要求用形容词作表语。感觉,感官动词要求用形容词作表语。5.5.做主语做主语 6.6.感叹语感叹语形容词可以用作主语,往往成对使用,具有名词形容词可以用
44、作主语,往往成对使用,具有名词化化的特点。的特点。e.g.e.g.Old and young Old and young joined in the discussion.joined in the discussion.Rich or poor Rich or poor meant the same to him.meant the same to him.形容词还可做宾语。形容词还可做宾语。e.g.They cant tell e.g.They cant tell rightright from from wrongwrong.有些形容词可作感叹语有些形容词可作感叹语,表达某种情绪。表达某
45、种情绪。e.g.e.g.ShockingShocking!Ive never heard of such a thing.!Ive never heard of such a thing.WonderfulWonderful!Sing us another song.!Sing us another song.三.形容词的级:1.比较级和最高级2.2.没有比较级和最高级的形容词没有比较级和最高级的形容词1.1.表示表示“完全、特别完全、特别”等意义的形容词(副词)。等意义的形容词(副词)。omnipresent omnipresent无所不在的,无所不在的,final,fatalfinal,f
46、atal致命的,致命的,hopeless,almightyhopeless,almighty全能的,全能的,universaluniversal普遍的,普遍的,utter(ly),utter(ly),total(ly),thorough(ly),full,emptytotal(ly),thorough(ly),full,empty等。包括其他带有前缀等。包括其他带有前缀或后缀或后缀in-,im-,un-,ill-,-less in-,im-,un-,ill-,-less 的形容词。的形容词。e.g.e.g.Jim is aJim is a faultlessfaultless man.man.
47、(正)(正)Jim is aJim is a most faultlessmost faultless man.man.(误)(误)2.2.表示表示“极限、主次极限、主次”等的形容词(副词)。等的形容词(副词)。chief(ly),extreme(ly),infinite,main,maximum,chief(ly),extreme(ly),infinite,main,maximum,minimum,major,fundamental,primary,minimum,major,fundamental,primary,utter-most utter-most 等。等。3.3.表示表示“几何形
48、状几何形状”的形容词的形容词 angularangular角形的,角形的,circular,level,oblongcircular,level,oblong长方形的,长方形的,ovaloval椭圆形的,椭圆形的,round,square,verticalround,square,vertical垂直的,垂直的,horizontalhorizontal水平水平的,的,triangulartriangular三角形的三角形的 等。等。4.4.表示表示“处所、方位、时间处所、方位、时间”的形容词(副词)的形容词(副词)ahead,daily,weekly,here,now,present,then
49、,there,ahead,daily,weekly,here,now,present,then,there,forward,backward,outside,future,once forward,backward,outside,future,once 等。等。注:注:east,north,east,north,等,还有等,还有leftleft,right,back,right,back,middle middle 等虽没有比较级,等虽没有比较级,但可加但可加-most-most 构成最高级。构成最高级。5.5.表示表示“状态状态”的形容词的形容词agapeagape目瞪口呆的,目瞪口呆的,
50、afloatafloat漂浮的,漂浮的,alightalight烧着的,烧着的,ashamedashamed,ashore,asleepashore,asleep,blind,deaf,dumb,dead blind,deaf,dumb,dead 等。等。6.6.表示表示“性质、材料、国籍性质、材料、国籍”等的形容词等的形容词American,economic,earthenAmerican,economic,earthen泥土做的,泥土做的,golden,sonic,golden,sonic,声音的,声音的,woodenwooden,woolenwoolen羊毛制的,羊毛制的,spiritu