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1、Chapter 9外国语学院杨莉萍2012年春alter nv.tomakesomethingorsomeonedifferentneg.Thisdoesntalterthefactthatwhatyoudidwaswrong.nalterationn.neg.1)Theeditormadeafewminoralterationtothetext.n2)Haveyounoticedanyalterationinherbehavior?nalternativenn.somethingthatyoucanchooseinsteadofsomethingelse供替代的选择；供选择的东西neg.Th
2、etreatmentisofferedasanalternativetosurgery.nadj.(beforen.only)供替代的，可选择的neg.1)Wearenowlookingforanalternativeclassroom.n2)Alternativemethodsofgettingtherewillbeinvestigated.nsyn：optional adj.可以选择的，随意的可以选择的，随意的nEg.Universitieshaverespondedtodemandsforstudentstohaveabetterknowledgeofindustrybyoffering
3、optionalbusinesscoursesinartsdegree.n学生必须更好地熟悉工业，针对这一要求，大学已作出反应,在文科学位里，开设商业选修课。nalternatenv.ifonethingalternatewithanother,ithappensafteritandkeepsbeingrepeatedneg.1)Wetdaysalternatedwithdryones.n2)Hismoodalternatesbetweenjoyanddespair.n3)Laytheshapesonthefabric,alternatingthecolours.n交替,更迭；交替变化,(两者
4、间)切换;使轮流nalternatingcurrent交流电ampleadj.(usu.beforean.)1.enough or more than enough in quantity or size,or space,etc.eg.Theyhaveamplemoneyforthejourney.Thereisroomforanamplegarden.2.abundant,plentifuleg.Heisamanofamplestrength.Hereceivedanamplesalaryfromthecompany.amplifyv.放大，扩大(声音)；详述，进一步阐明amplifier
5、n.扩音器，扬声器形近词：形近词：sample?1.abundant:is mostly restricted to observations about a particular place rather than a particular time,usu.suggesting a valued or desirable quantity.eg.Thereareabundantsuppliesoffirewoodintheforest.Thisisalandabundantinminerals.2.plentiful:relates to a desirable quantity or e
6、ven a superfluity of sth.eg.Thereisaplentifulsupplyoffishinthemarket.Onthisislandtheediblefruitissoplentifulthatitrotsonthevine.3.adequate:may suggest that not only quantity but also quality is up to what is required,and can be used between an article and an abstract noun.eg.HisknowledgeofFrenchisad
7、equateforthejob.Wehaveanadequatesupplyoffoodforthehike.4.enough:can never be applied to quality,is always used before plural nouns,of nouns denoting sth.that is measurable,never after an article.eg.Theexpressionan adequate room is okbutan enough roomis unacceptable.5.sufficient:suggeststhesameasenou
8、gh,moreformal,andismoreoftenusedtoindicatedegree,emphasizingtheendbeingsought.eg.Itissufficienttofeedahundredmen.Ourpreparationissufficienttocopewiththehardnewjob.词根词根chron=timenchronicnchroniclenchronographnchronologynchronologicalnchronometernsynchronizensynchronousnadj.慢性的；长期的nn.编年史nn.计时器nn.年代学；年
9、表nadj.按年代顺序记载的nn.航海用的经线仪nv.同时发生；时间一致nadj.同时发生的；同时的词根词根tend,tens,tent=to stretch(chapter 2)ncontendv.neg.Parentsoftencontendoverhowtoeducatetheironlychild.ncontentionn.nintense adj.neg.MyworkissointensethatIevenhavenotimetotakearest.nintensive nintensify nextensive ntension n紧张程度、状态；张力npretendnpreten
10、se/ceneg.Alexmadenopretenceofhidingherdisappointment.npretensionn.造作；矫饰npretentiousadj.造作的neg.ItssopretentiousofhertogreeteveryoneinFrench.前缀：前缀：pro-=forward,forth向前向前nprovoke v.挑衅，煽动，激起挑衅，煽动，激起npropose nvt.计划,建议,向.提议,求(婚)vi.打算,求婚nEg.Iwishtoproposeatoasttoourfriendship.n我提议为我们的友谊干杯。词根pos=to place,to
11、 put放置，摆放ncomposev.组成组成,写作写作,排字排字,(使使)安定安定,调解调解neg.Imtryingtocomposealetter;pleasedontmakesomuchnoise.n我在整理思绪要写信呢;请别这么吵。ndeposevt.免职免职,废废(王位王位),作证作证 vi.宣誓作证宣誓作证neg.Thewitnessdeposedthathehadseentheaccusedonthedayofthemurder.n证人宣誓证明在谋杀案发生那天他曾看见被告。nopposevt.反对反对,使对立使对立,使对抗使对抗,抗争抗争 vi.反对反对neg.Atfirsthe
12、opposedthemarriage,butintheendhegavehisconsent.n开始他反对这门婚事，但最后他表示同意了。nrefrain v.n(fml.)tostopyourselffromdoingsomething.Thiswordisoftenusedinofficialannouncementsorsigns.克制，抑制，节制，忍耐neg.Pleaserefrainfromspittinginpublicplaces.n restrainv.restraintn.n1)tostopsomeoneoryourselffromdoingsth.neg.Pleaserest
13、rainyourselffromcoughingduringtheperformance.nThegovernmenturgedtheprotesterstoexerciserestraint.n2)tophysicallycontrolthemovementsofapersonoranimalneg.Thepassengershadtoberestrainedbyfourmembersofthecabincrew.nconstrainv.tostopsomeonefromdoingwhattheywanttodo阻止，限制阻止，限制neg.1)Coldweatherconstrainsthe
14、plantsgrowth.n寒冷的天气抑制抑制了植物的生长。n2)Womensemploymentopportunitiesareoftenseverelyconstrainedbyfamilycommitments.n女性的就业机会常常受到家庭责任的严重限制限制。nconstraintn.neg.Theyhaveimposedpoliticalconstraintsonfinancialdevelopment.nrestrictv.restrictionn1)tokeepsomethingwithinstrictlimits限制neg.(1)Doctorshaverestrictedthen
15、umberofvisitstotwoperday.n(2)Itrytorestrictmyselftoonedessertaday.n2)tophysicallylimitorcontrolthemovementofsomethingorsomeoneneg.Thedrugrestrictsbloodflow.nconfinev.使局限于，限制；幽禁，禁闭；防止扩散使局限于，限制；幽禁，禁闭；防止扩散neg.(1)Theriskofinfectionisconfinedtorelativelysmallgroups.n(2)Poorhealthkepthimconfinedtohisroom.
16、n(3)Theymanagedtoconfinethefiretotheengineroom.ncon+fine单词fine-罚款,词根fin-限制.如define定义,infinite无限,constrain=restrain限制.nrefrain克制,词根strain源于string(线，弦).因此引申为用力拉，拉紧.但为什么refrain是“克制”？str变成fr的真正原因：frain有breakoff的含义.off表示离开.“克制”更强调彻底与某事断开联系.比如少玩游戏(限制strain)和杜绝玩游戏(克制frain)是不一样的哦.confine国界，限制（boundary，limit）