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1、2021 届浙江新高考英语必考语法之动词的时态和语态经典讲练 动词的时态和语态已成为高考语法填空和短文改错的必考内容。主要有以下特点：1时态的考查以“情景立意”为主，主要考查考生在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。2时态的考查以现在时和过去时为主，语态的考查主要集中在一般过去时的被动语态和现在完成时的被动语态或者被动语态中过去分词的误用上。因此考生必须能够正确拼写动词的过去式和过去分词。3语法填空和短文改错对动词时态、语态的考查不是孤立的，它必须和主谓一致联系在一起，因此考生做题时一定要弄清主语。解答时态、语态题时具体应做到：1联系上下文确定时态和语态。2.根据时间状语确定时态。3.注意一些固定
2、句式中的时态和语态。一、动词的时态 在英语中，句子不仅有时间状语说明动作发生的时间，其谓语动词本身也有形式的变化来指示时间。这种表明动作发生时间的动词形式称为时态。一般时态 1一般现在时(1)表示习惯性、经常性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语 often，always，frequently，occasionally 等连用；They always care for each other and help each other.他们总是互相关心、互相帮助。(2)表示客观真理、客观存在及自然现象；Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不等人。(3)表示按时间表安排好的事情或
3、要发生的动作，一般与具体的时刻连用；(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。对点练 1 单句语法填空(2017全国卷)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school comes(come)first.”This cycle goes(go)day after day:The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely
4、 offset(抵 消)for the outside temperatures.(2019河北定州中学模拟)Pollution is a serious problem，which calls(call)for our great concern.(2019湖北省十校联考)Hurry up！The train leaves(leave)at 9：30.There are only 30 minutes left.2一般过去时(1)表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，与现在没有联系；I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother befo
5、re.我忘了告诉你我以前和哥哥去过那儿。(2)表示过去的习惯性动作；(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作；They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到任何关于他的消息，就通知我们。(4)常用在 since 从句中。Since I was a child I have lived in England.我从童年起就一直住在英国。对点练 2 单句语法填空(2018全国卷)True to a gorillas unaggressive nature，the huge animal
6、meant (mean)me no real harm.(2019龙岩质检)I got a place next to the window，so I had a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike caught(catch)my attention.(2019邢台模拟)The three of us traveled(travel)around Europe for about a month last summer.3一般将来时(1)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our to
7、wn?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？不知道。我现在就去看他。(2)表示将来的几种结构的用法区别：will/shall do 表示将来要做某事，暗含偶然性，临时起意要做某事；be going to do sth.表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事，或表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事；When are you going to get married?你打算什么时候结婚？be doing 表示安排好要做的事，很少变更，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词。如：leave，come，go，start，stay，take 等；
8、be to do 表示预先安排好的计划，这种动作通常是为人们意志所能控制的；You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.你 10 点交论文。be about to do 表示“正要做某事，即将要做某事”，不可与表示具体的将来时间连用，但可以与 when 连接的并列句连用。对点练 3 单句语法填空(2014北京卷改编)What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check(check)it for you.(2019湖北省十校联考)Dr.Jackson is not in his of
9、fice at the moment.All right.I will call(call)him later.4过去将来时(1)表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中，由“should/would动词原形”构成；(2)可以用 was/were going to do，was/were doing，was/were to do，was/were about to do 等表示。They were going to have a class meeting.他们曾经打算开个班会。I was about to leave when a friend dr
10、opped in.我刚要离开，这时有一位朋友来访。对点练 4 单句语法填空(2019湖南石门一中模拟)He promised that he would come(come)，but he hasnt arrived until now.(2019山西适应性考试)At college，Barack Obama didnt know that he was to become(become)the first black president of the United States of America.进行时态 1现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行且尚未完成的动作或存在的状态；(2)表示现阶段
11、正在进行的动作或发生的事情(此时此刻动作不一定正在进行)，常与 these days，this week/month 等时间状语连用；They are working on a new robot these days.他们最近正在研究一款新的机器人。(3)常与 always，constantly，forever 等连用，表示说话者的一种感情色彩，如赞许、责备、不满等；The girl is always talking loud in public.这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。(4)少数动词 come，go，leave，fly，begin 等的现在进行时可以表示将来的动作。She is
12、leaving for Beijing tomorrow.她明天要去北京。对点练 5 单句语法填空(2019日照模拟)My husband is playing(play)computers while my son is watching TV.Hi，lets go skating.Sorry，Im busy right now.I am filling(fill)in an application form for a new job.(2019 河南八市重点高中质检)The World Health Organization warns that millions of people a
13、re suffering(suffer)from indoor air pollution at the present time，which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cook-stoves in the home.2过去进行时(1)表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或某一段时间内一直在进行的动作；(2)某些动词 come，go，leave，plan，expect，look forward to 等的过去进行时有时表示过去将要发生的动作。He went to see Miss Green.She was leaving early t
14、he next morning.他去看望格林小姐了。她第二天一早要离开。对点练 6 单句语法填空(2018北京卷改编)Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working(work)as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.(2017天津卷改编)I was driving(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.James has just arrived，but
15、 I didnt know he was coming/would come(come)until yesterday.(2019山东桓台二中模拟)I was on my way home after shopping and saw a small dog running across the very busy street my car was travelling(travel)on.(2019广东清远模拟)He must have sensed that I was looking(look)at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quie
16、tly，“Why are you staring at me like that？”完成时态 1现在完成时(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately，recently，in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since then，up to now，so far(至今)等。In the past few years，many new railways have been laid down.在过去的几年里修建了许多新铁路。He has written 8 books so far.到目前为止
17、，他已经写了 8 本书了。(2)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有：already，just(刚刚)，yet，before 等。He has turned off the light.(The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。The concert has started.(The concert is on now.)音乐会已经开始了。I have already seen the film.(I know the film now.)我已经看过那部电影了。(3)在“最高级名词”或“
18、It/This/That isthe first/second/.timethat 从句”中，谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in
19、Beijing since last year.()部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换：买 buyhave 借 borrowkeep 结婚 get marriedbe married 认识 get to knowknow 离开 leavebe away 回来 come backbe back 生病 fall illbe ill 死亡 diebe dead 关闭 turn offbe off 打开 turn onbe on 动身 leave for be off to 变成 becomebe 返回 returnbe back 开始 beginbe on 睡觉 go to be
20、dsleep 穿 put onhave on/wear 来/去 come/gobe in/away 参加 joinbe a member of 感冒 take/get/catch a coldhave a cold 入睡 go to sleepbe asleep 到达 get to/arrive in/at/reachbe in/stay 对点练 7 单句语法填空(2018北京卷改编)Chinas high-speed railways have grown(grow)from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.(2018全国卷)
21、Diets have changed in Chinaand so too has its top crop.Since 2011，the country has grown(grow)more corn than rice.(2017全国卷改编)I have grown(grow)not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.2过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。She had learned some English before she came to
22、 the institute.她在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了三年了。(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时，他已学了三年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。(3)表示愿望、打
23、算的词，如：hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had thought you would come the next day.我原以为你第二天会来。(4)用于某些固定句型中：Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely.when.和 No sooner.than.句型中，when 和 than 从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly/No sooner had
24、I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动，汽车的轮胎就瘪了。It was/had been一段时间since 从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有 10 年没那么高兴过了。That/It/This was the first/second/.timethat 从句。that 从句的谓语要用
25、过去完成时。It was the third time(that)he had left the key at home.那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。对点练 8 单句语法填空 Just as I got to the school gate，I realized I had left(leave)my book in the cafe.Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she
26、 had seen(see)most of the guests before.(2019河南八市重点高中质检)That was the third time that I had visited(visit)the Summer Palace.注意几组时态的区别 1一般过去时与现在完成时(1)时间上有差异：凡含有过去时间的，如 ago，last year，just now，the other day等均用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。(2)结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。2过去完成时与一
27、般过去时 过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)的形式则只用一般过去时即可。对点练 9 单句语法填空(2019东北三省四市联考)This is the first time that we have seen(see)a film in the cinema together as a family.(2019龙岩质检)Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing(do)(2019九江模拟)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in
28、their natural course.Being too anxious to help an event develop often results(result)in the contrary to our intention.(2019湖南石门一中模拟)By the time you have finished this book，your meal will get(get)cold.(2019九江模拟)Did you predict that many students would sign(sign)up for the dance competition？二、动词的语态 英语
29、中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的发出者。被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by 短语有时可以省略)。1各种时态的被动语态形式 被动语态与时态结合，形成各种时态下的被动语态：现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般式 am/is/are done was/were done will/shall be done would/should be done 进行式 am/is/are be
30、ing done was/were being done 完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/should have been done 2.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting bo
31、ok(by my friend)on my birthday.(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加 to(位置不变)。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of(by her)Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.(4)情态动词，be going to，be
32、to，be sure to，have to 等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be过去分词”。We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.(5)当句子的谓语为 say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。People say he is a smart boy.He is said to
33、be a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.名师指津 类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.3不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态之中。(2)表示状态的谓语动
34、词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost 等不能用于被动语态之中。(3)表示归属的动词或短语，如 have，belong to 等不能用于被动语态之中。(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，hate 等不能用于被动语态之中。(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。(6)宾语是同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。4主动形式表示被动意义(1)当连系动词 feel，look，smell，taste，sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash 等作为不及
35、物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始，结束，关，停，转，启动”等意义时。The flowers smell sweet.这些花闻起来好香。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。(2)当 break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out 等动词表示“发生，关闭，制定”等意思时。The lamps on the wall turned off.墙上的灯熄灭了。5被动形式表示主动意义的几种表达 be seated 坐着 be hidden 躲藏 be lost 迷路 be drunk 喝醉
36、be dressed 穿着 6被动语态与系表结构的区别 系表结构指“连系动词用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特征或状态。The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)对点练 单句语法填空(2018北京卷改编)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped(trap)in the mountains for two day
37、s.(2018天津卷改编)My washing machine is being repaired(repair)this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.(2017全国卷)When fat and salt are removed(remove)from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国卷)Steam engines were used(use)to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unplea
38、sant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.(2017全国卷)Sarah has been told/was told(tell)that she could be Britains new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.(2016北京卷改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded(reward)with success
39、in the end.(2016四川卷)The giant panda is loved(love)by people throughout the world.动词的时态和语态试题千变万化，有各种各样的考查形式，即会从多种角度来考查。无论试题如何变化，时态和语态的基本用法是根本。在掌握动词的时态和语态时，重点要抓住含义、句型和标志性状语这三要素，熟记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词，熟记被动语态的各种结构。做题时，可结合标志性状语、具体语境等来研究题干，留意是否需要倒装，是否需要使用被动，是否和其他考点相融合，等等。尽可能搜索出更多的时态和语态的相关信息，找准答题的切入点和突破口。解答动词的时态
40、和语态试题的技巧：一、牢记各种时态的句型、标志语，易混时态之间的区别 二、关注时态标示语 所谓时态标示语就是指某些词(often，already，yet，today，yesterday，tomorrow等)、某些词组(at this moment，so far，ever since，up till now，by.等)、某些搭配(hardly.when.，no sooner.than.等)和某些句型(It is the first time that.，It is.since.，It was/will be.before.，时间、条件、让步状语从句等)都与某一种较为固定的时态的连用，有意关注题干
41、中的这些词可以更加准确地解决这类题目。三、关注时态的对比运用 如果题干中没有时态标示语，而有两个或两个以上谓语动词，这时我们应该将两个动词的时态加以比较，依据其中的关系确定正确的时态。四、上述技巧的综合运用 有时单靠某一种技巧是不能确定正确答案的，这就要求各种技巧的综合的运用。对题干全面、细致的分析是解决这类题目的关键。五、语境特征、动词特性和相关时态的对比分析(一)语境特征是指根据题目所设置的语境，结合自己的生活体验对题目加以分析，最后确定正确答案。(二)动词特性这里主要是指动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，是终止性动词还是延续性动词，以及某些动词的特殊用法，这直接关系到问题的答案。(三)相关时
42、态的对比分析是指在特定语境中的相似时态的辨析和运用，或某些时态的特定含义。综合演练.单句语法填空 1(2018北京卷改编)Hi，Im Peter.Are you new here？I havent seen you around.Hello，Peter.Im Bob.I just started(start)on Monday.2(2018江苏卷改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry)out in the past two years.3(201
43、8浙江卷)I still remember visiting a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked(shock)when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.4(2017全国卷)Later，engineers managed(manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道)，which became known as the Tube.5(2016全国卷)Truly elegant ch
44、opsticks might be made(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.6(2019陕西西安中学模拟)In a word，mass media will be(be)all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.7 (2019 河 南 鹤 壁 高 中 模 拟)In American high schools，subjects are divided(divide)into different levels.8(20
45、19山东济南模拟)Weve got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is being used/is used(use)in the classroom.9 (2019 辽 宁 沈 阳 教 学 质 量 监 测)This was the first time I had experienced(experience)sandstorms and I dont ever want to be in one again.10(2019山东淄博一中模拟)During the 30 days before he was p
46、ut to death，his friends and pupils were allowed(allow)to visit him in his prison.完成句子 1On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work 周一早上我通常花一小时开车上班。2Edward，you play so well.But I didnt know you could play the piano 爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。3I hear you are working in a pubWhats it li
47、ke?Well，its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind.我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。4I walked slowly through the market，where people were selling all kinds of fruits and vegetables.我慢慢地走过市场，市场里人们在卖各种各样的水果与蔬菜。5It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.自我从这个大学毕业已经
48、 10 年了。6I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算帮你的，但当时我太忙了。7The book that he bought yesterday is difficult to understand 他昨天买的这本书很难读懂。8The plan was supported by those who wished to have more chances to speak English.这项计划受到那些希望有更多机会说英语的人的支持。.语法填空 Teenage obesity(肥胖)levels 1.hav
49、e risen(rise)ten times in the last four decades，2.meaning (mean)124 million boys and girls around the globe are too fat，according to a new research.Obese children are likely to become obese adults,putting them 3.at risk of serious health problems,including type 2 diabetes(糖尿病)，heart disease，stroke(中
50、风)and certain types of cancer.An analysis released on World Obesity Day warns that the global cost of treating 4.illnesses(illness)caused by obesity will be over 920 billion every year from 2025.Although child obesity rates appear 5.to be(be)stable in many high-income European countries，including th