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1、非谓语动词使用条件一个句子一个句子当中,当中,已经存在一个已经存在一个主句主句(谓语动词)(谓语动词),又没有连又没有连词词的情况下的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。还有别的动词出现时。Shegotoffthebus,Shegotoffthebus,leavingleavingherhandbagonherseat.herhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,Shegotoffthebus,butbut leftleftherhandbagonherseat.herhandbagonherseat.第1页/共133页非谓语动词的句法功能语法特征:在句子中充当谓语以外的各
2、种句子成分的动词叫非谓语动词,包括不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词),他们没有人称和数的变化,但保留动词的某些特征:有时态和语态的变化,有否定式,可以带宾语、状语和补语;又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分。第2页/共133页名称名称语语 法法 功功 能能 主语主语宾语宾语宾语补宾语补足语足语表语表语定语定语状语状语不定不定式式动名动名词词现在现在分词分词过去过去分词分词第3页/共133页1、不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。2、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。3、分词相当于形容词、副词
3、。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分4、语态:必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系,从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。非谓语动词的形式变化第4页/共133页类别类别类别类别不定式不定式不定式不定式动名词动名词动名词动名词分词分词分词分词现在分词现在分词现在分词现在分词过去过去过去过去分词分词分词分词主主动动一般一般to do doingdoing/进行进行to be doing/完成完成 to have donehaving donehaving done/完成完成进行进行to have been doing/被被动动一般一般to be donebeing donebeing donedone完成完
4、成to have been donehaving been donehaving been done/复合及独复合及独立主格结立主格结构构 for+N./Pron.+to do相相当于主谓结构,当于主谓结构,for的宾语是的宾语是inf.的主语的主语名词通格或所名词通格或所有格以及形容有格以及形容词物主代词或词物主代词或人称代词宾格人称代词宾格+doing分词作状语其逻辑分词作状语其逻辑主语须与句子主语主语须与句子主语相一致,否则加上相一致,否则加上自己的主语或用自己的主语或用with复合结构复合结构第5页/共133页非谓语动词不定式infinitive 动名词gerund分词particip
5、le第6页/共133页可充当成分可充当成分:主语主语,宾语宾语,宾语补足语宾语补足语,表语表语,定语定语,状语状语.一、不定式不定式的构成是指不定式符号不定式的构成是指不定式符号toto加上动词原形,表示具体的意义,指一次性行加上动词原形,表示具体的意义,指一次性行为、动作。不定式短语是指不定式和它的宾语或状语构成的词组。为、动作。不定式短语是指不定式和它的宾语或状语构成的词组。不定式各种形式的时间含义:一般式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动不定式各种形式的时间含义:一般式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后;完成式在谓语之前;进行式强调在谓语动词的同时;被动作或状态的
6、同时或之后;完成式在谓语之前;进行式强调在谓语动词的同时;被动式是指主语是被动关系,表示被动的动作。式是指主语是被动关系,表示被动的动作。第7页/共133页1.不定式作主语To lose your heart means failure.It took me only five minutes to finish the job.To do two things at a time is to do neither如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustoh
7、elpyou.第8页/共133页 It is+形容词+for/of sb+不定式结构在It is+形容词+of sb+不定式结构中,形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征,如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“It is+形容词+for sb+不定式”结构中,形容词通常表示事物的性质,如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,h
8、ard,reasonable等。第9页/共133页比较ItisgoodofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.你真好,帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=Youaregoodtohelpme.)Itisgoodforyoutogiveupsmoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是giveupsmoking这一行为=Foryoutogiveupsmokingisgood.)第10页/共133页2.2.不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语:afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,
9、agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,arrange,desire,try,determine、一般情况下不定式都要一般情况下不定式都要toto,helphelp可要可不要;不定式有它自己的补语,要用可要可不要;不定式有它自己的补语,要用itit作形式宾语。作形式宾语。YouneedntbotherYouneedntbothertocometocomeyourself.yourself.TheyareconsideringTheyareconsideringwhattodowhattodonext.next.Somewhowerefamousinthei
10、rowntimeswouldfindSomewhowerefamousintheirowntimeswouldfindit itdifficultdifficulttoachievesuccesstoachievesuccess today.today.第11页/共133页.Idontwant_likeImspeakingillofanybody,butthemanagersplanisunfair.Idontwant_likeImspeakingillofanybody,butthemanagersplanisunfair.A.A.tosoundtosoundB.tobesoundedB.t
11、obesoundedC.soundingC.soundingD.tohavesoundedD.tohavesounded.Ithinkyoullgrow_himwhenyouknowhimbetter.Ithinkyoullgrow_himwhenyouknowhimbetter.A AlikinglikingB BtobeliketobelikeC CtoliketolikeD Dtobelikingtobeliking.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen.IdontknowwhetheryouhappenA AtobeheardBtobeheardBtobehearingt
12、obehearingC CtoheartohearD Dtohaveheardtohaveheard 第12页/共133页3.3.不定式作表语不定式作表语What she wants to do most now is(to)travel abroad.The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution.主语的内容或性主语的内容或性质质 Cf.Cf.HeisHeistomarryRosetomarryRose.表按计划要做的事情表按计划要做的事情.第13页/共133页 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词、代词
13、之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。4.不定式作定语1 主谓关系Thefuturetogreetuswillbebright.我们的未来会十分美好的。ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。在在“某人是第某人是第位做某事的人位做某事的人”固定结构中,固定结构中,不定式与被修饰的词间是主谓关系,表示动作已完成。Edisonwasthefirstmantoinventelectriclight.Hewasthefirstmantoarriveandthelasttoleave.第14页/共133页2动
14、宾关系OnSundays,healwayshasalotofletterstowrite.星期天,他总是有许多信要写。Hecanfindnoonetomakefriendswith.他找不到可交朋友的人。3同位关系某些抽象名词后面用不定式说明某种情况,陈述某种事实,如:chance机会、opportunity机会、way方式/方法、time时间、right权利、need必要、moment片刻等。Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.Hehasnochancetoexplainittoyou.第15页/共133页4修饰关系Nowiti
15、stimetobeginourclass.现在是上课的时间了。注意:注意:、不定式作定语要考虑与主语的关系,主语是不定、不定式作定语要考虑与主语的关系,主语是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式要用主动式;反之用被动式。式的逻辑主语,不定式要用主动式;反之用被动式。Hehasmanythingstodo.Hehasmanythingstodo.Hewantshisbiketoberepairedrightnow.Hewantshisbiketoberepairedrightnow.、therebetherebe句型中用主动表示说话人的行为,被动句型中用主动表示说话人的行为,被动表示说话人要别人做某事。表示
16、说话人要别人做某事。Theremustbesomethingtofear.Theremustbesomethingtofear.tobefeared.tobefeared.第16页/共133页点津坊由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,表示动作尚未发生或有可能发生,只用一般式。因此,如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词,这种不定式也叫反射不定式,即不定式介词结构,介词一般不可省去,如:Ineedapen towritewithGivemesomepaper towriteon.Therearesomething tobegratefulfor.Shehasachildto
17、takecareof.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Hehasnofriendtodependon.他没有可依靠的朋友。Ivegotalotofthingstoseetothismorning.今天上午我有许多事情要处理。第17页/共133页I need a pen to write with.Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.Eg.Isendyou100dollarstoday,th
18、erest_Eg.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest_inayear.inayear.A.A.followsfollowsB.followedB.followedC.tofollowC.tofollowD.beingfollowedD.beingfollowed第18页/共133页Change the following into infinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.HerearesomebooksthatyoucanreadHewasthefirstpersontocom
19、etotheclassroomthismorning.TheonlythingthatIwanttogetisthediamondnecklace.Theonlythingformetogetisthediamondnecklace.Everythingthatisdoneneedspraising.Everythingtobedoneneedspraising.Herearesomebooksforyoutoread第19页/共133页5.不定式作宾语补足语A.A.感官动词感官动词:seesee、watchwatch、noticenotice、hearhear、listentolistent
20、o、observeobserve、lookatlookat、feel.feel.这时不定式不带这时不定式不带toto,并表示动作已经完成。,并表示动作已经完成。Eg.Eg.WeoftenhearWeoftenhearherher singthesongathomesingthesongathome.IsawIsawachildachildfalldownfromthetree.falldownfromthetree.B.B.致使、允许类动词:致使、允许类动词:letlet、makemake、getget、havehave、helphelp、wantwant、wishwish、allowallo
21、w、permitpermit、forbidforbid、adviseadvise、forceforce、considerconsider、expectexpect、telltellEg.IcouldnotmakethemEg.Icouldnotmakethemunderstandme.understandme.YoucantallowhimYoucantallowhimtodothat.todothat.Myadvisorencouraged_asummerMyadvisorencouraged_asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.coursetoimp
22、rovemywritingskills.A.formetakingA.formetakingB.metakingB.metakingC.formetotakeC.formetotakeD.metotakeD.metotake第20页/共133页C.think、consider、suppose、feel、believe、imagine、prove、find等动词的宾语后面可带tobe结构,也可省略tobe。Eg.Wethink/considerhim(tobe)awiseleader.D.callon、askfor、waitfor、dependon、preparefor等成语动词后面带等成语动词
23、后面带toto的不定式作宾的不定式作宾补。补。Eg.Wearewaitingfortheraintostop.Eg.Wearewaitingfortheraintostop.第21页/共133页6、不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。A.表示目的Im saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。点津坊有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用in order to do,和so as to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首),否定的只能用in order not to do,和so as not to do。He shouted
24、and waved in order to be noticed.为了引起注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。I ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码记下来,以防忘记。第22页/共133页Timsatnearthefire to get warm.Theathletespractisedhardtowinthematch.相当于用相当于用inorder(not)toinorder(not)to,soas(not)tosoas(not)to引导的目的状引导的目的状语语.Helenhadtoshout_abovet
25、hesoundof.Helenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.themusic.A.makingherselfhearA.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard.Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately.AllthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediatelyintimeforCh
26、ristmas.intimeforChristmas.A Ainordertohaveinordertohavereceivedreceived B BinordertoreceiveinordertoreceiveC CsoastobereceivedsoastobereceivedD Dsoastobereceivingsoastobereceiving第23页/共133页._moreaboutuniversitycourses,call(920)746-3789._moreaboutuniversitycourses,call(920)746-3789.AATofindoutTofind
27、outBBFindingoutFindingoutCCFindoutFindout DDHavingfoundoutHavingfoundout.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust_alookatthesportsstarsA.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have第24页/共133页B.表示结果多用于固定句型搭配中,也可以表示出乎意料,意想不到的结果。Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。必背:不定式表示结果
28、常见于下列句型1)so.astodo(如此而能够)Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?把你的自行车借给我好吗?2)such.astodo(如此而能够)Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步第25页/共133页3)enoughtodo(足够地而能够)Hedidntrunfastenoughtocatchthetrain.他跑得不够快,没赶上火车。4)onlytodo(表示与原来的目的或愿望相反的结果)Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。5)to
29、o.todo(太而不能够)Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.他的视力太差了,看不清这么小的字。注:too之前如果有only,not,never,all,but,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意,only too 表“非常”、“很”意。如:They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit.他们很幸运去国外访问。另外,too后如果是happy,glad,kind,anxious,easy,delighted,eager,pleased,ready,surprised,willing之类形容词时,不
30、定式也表肯定意,如:She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street第26页/共133页.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.only_thefilmstarshadleft.AAtotelltotellB BtobetoldtobetoldCCtellingtellingDDtoldtold.Hehurriedtothestationonly_thatthetrain.Heh
31、urriedtothestationonly_thatthetrainhadleft.hadleft.A.A.tofindtofindB.findingB.findingC.foundC.foundD.tohavefoundD.tohavefound第27页/共133页C.C.表示原因表示原因Youweresillynot_yourcar.Youweresillynot_yourcar.A.tolocktolockB.tohavelockedB.tohavelockedC.lockingC.lockingD.havinglockedD.havinglocked常放在动词后面或用于表示心理感觉的
32、形容词、过去分词后面,不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作。IamhappyIamhappytoseeyoutoseeyou.ShewassadShewassadtohearthebadnewstohearthebadnews.动词不定式与主语是主谓关系,动词不定式的动动词不定式与主语是主谓关系,动词不定式的动词可带宾语;如果不定式与主语是动宾关系,不可带词可带宾语;如果不定式与主语是动宾关系,不可带宾语。宾语。IwasverypleasedIwasverypleasedtoseeyoutoseeyouyesterday.yesterday.RelativitytheoryisnteasyRelat
33、ivitytheoryisnteasytounderstandtounderstand.第28页/共133页IamverygladIamverygladtoseetoseeyouyou我见到你很高兴我见到你很高兴WearesorryWearesorrytoleavetoleave.HeissureHeissuretocometocome.VolleyballisveryinterestingVolleyballisveryinterestingtowatchtowatch.打排球看起来很有意思打排球看起来很有意思ThisproblemisdifficultThisproblemisdiffic
34、ulttosolvetosolve.这个问题难解决这个问题难解决ShesveryniceShesverynicetotalktotalktoto和她谈话是愉快的和她谈话是愉快的第29页/共133页7、不定式的进行式、完成式.它们与谓语动词的进行式、完成式相似,进行式它们与谓语动词的进行式、完成式相似,进行式表示不定式动作与主句动作几乎同时发生;完成式表表示不定式动作与主句动作几乎同时发生;完成式表示不定式动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。常用示不定式动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。常用以下固定结构。以下固定结构。1 1)由及物动词)由及物动词besaidbesaid、besupposedbe
35、supposed、bebelievedbebelieved、bethoughtbethought、beknownbeknown、bereportedbereported、regretregret、proveprove等固定结构。等固定结构。HeissaidHeissaidtobetranslatingtobetranslatinganewnovel.anewnovel.=Itssaid=Itssaidheistranslatingheistranslatinganewnovel.anewnovel.ThenovelwassaidThenovelwassaidtohavebeentohavebe
36、enpublished.published.=Itwassaid=Itwassaidthatthenovelhasbeenthatthenovelhasbeenpublished.published.IregretIregrettohavebeentohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.withyouforsomanyyears.第30页/共133页2 2)由不及物动词)由不及物动词seemseem、appearappear、happenhappen等等固定结构。固定结构。AnelephanthappenedAnelephanthappenedtobepassingby
37、tobepassingby.=Ithappenedthatanelephantwaspassingby.=Ithappenedthatanelephantwaspassingby.Sheseemed/appearedSheseemed/appearedtohaveheardoftohaveheardofit.it.=Itseemed/appearedthatshehadheardofit.=Itseemed/appearedthatshehadheardofit.3 3)由)由wantwant、meanmean、hopehope、planplan、intendintend等动词的一般过去式接不
38、定式完成式表示本等动词的一般过去式接不定式完成式表示本打算做,结果未实现。打算做,结果未实现。Iwanted/meantIwanted/meanttohavetelephonedtohavetelephoned,butIforgot.,butIforgot.=Ihadwanted/meanttotelephone,butIforgot=Ihadwanted/meanttotelephone,butIforgot4 4)wouldlikewouldlike、was/weretowas/wereto以及情态动词等接不定式以及情态动词等接不定式完成式表示本打算做,结果未完成。完成式表示本打算做,结果
39、未完成。HewouldlikeHewouldliketohaveattendedtohaveattendedthemeeting,butIfellthemeeting,butIfellill.ill.第31页/共133页此外,此外,gladglad、happyhappy、satisfiedsatisfied、sorrysorry、surprisedsurprised、disappointeddisappointed后也接完成时,后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别。但要注意与一般时的区别。ImsorryImsorrytokeeptokeepyouwaitingforaminute.youwai
40、tingforaminute.对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)ImsorryImsorrytohavekepttohavekeptyouwaiting.youwaiting.对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)第32页/共133页.Youweresillynot_yourcar.Youweresillynot_yourcar.tolocktolockB.tohavelockedB.tohavelockedC.lockingC.lockingD.havinglockedD.havinglocked.Idontknowwh
41、etheryouhappen.IdontknowwhetheryouhappenA AtobeheardtobeheardB BtobehearingtobehearingC Ctoheartohear D Dtohaveheardtohaveheard.-IsBobstillperforming?.-IsBobstillperforming?-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestage-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.alreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.tohav
42、elefttohaveleftB.toleaveB.toleaveC.tohavebeenleftC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleftD.tobeleft第33页/共133页8、动词不定式的各种结构1 1)否定结构:)否定结构:not+todonot+todo(表示较强的否定意义时用(表示较强的否定意义时用never+todonever+todo)IpromisedIpromisednottowakehimupnottowakehimup.YoumustpromiseYoumustpromisenevertodonevertodothatagain.thatagain.2 2)
43、连接词)连接词+todo+todo:具有名词性质,相当于一:具有名词性质,相当于一个名词性从句,可作个名词性从句,可作主宾表主宾表成分。成分。连接代词:连接代词:who,whom,which,whatwho,whom,which,what。连接副词:连接副词:when,how,where,whetherwhen,how,where,whether等,但不可用等,但不可用why,if,whosewhy,if,whose。S.S.WhattodonextWhattodonexthasnotbeendecided.hasnotbeendecided.O.ShehasforgottenO.Shehas
44、forgottenwhomtoaskwhomtoask.IaskedhimIaskedhimwheretogetwheretogetthisbook.thisbook.HehadnoideaHehadnoideaofhowtodoofhowtodoit.it.P.ThequestionisP.Thequestioniswhichtobuywhichtobuy.第34页/共133页3 3)for+N./Pron.+todofor+N./Pron.+todo结构结构动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语的宾语,它有自己的主语,这时动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语的宾语,它有自己的主语,这
45、时用用forfor引出,可作主宾表定状等成分。引出,可作主宾表定状等成分。ItisimportantItisimportantforustolearnEnglishforustolearnEnglish.(主语)(主语)ImeantImeantforyoutodecideforyoutodecide.(宾语)(宾语)IconsideritnecessaryIconsideritnecessaryforhertolearnEnglishforhertolearnEnglish.ThatisThatisforhertodecideforhertodecide.(表语)(表语)Thereisnone
46、edThereisnoneedforhertocomeforhertocome.(定语)(定语)ItstimeItstimeforustogoforustogo.SheopenedthegateSheopenedthegateforthecartoenterforthecartoenter.(目的)(目的)ThebookistoodifficultThebookistoodifficultforthestudentstoreaadforthestudentstoreaad.(结果)(结果)第35页/共133页4 4)of+N./Pron.+todoof+N./Pron.+todo结构结构某些表
47、示性格特征以及心理状态和行为的形容词要用此结构,并常用某些表示性格特征以及心理状态和行为的形容词要用此结构,并常用itit作形式主作形式主语,如:语,如:kind,nice,clever,silly,foolish,wise,rude,cruel,careful,careless,wrong,kind,nice,clever,silly,foolish,wise,rude,cruel,careful,careless,wrong,polite,impolite,honestpolite,impolite,honest等。等。Itswiseofyounottogothere.Itswiseofy
48、ounottogothere.Itswrongofhimtolaughatthedisablepeople.Itswrongofhimtolaughatthedisablepeople.第36页/共133页5 5)独立结构或成分)独立结构或成分有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,可单独使用,具有插入语的性质,有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,可单独使用,具有插入语的性质,表示说话人的态度和看法。表示说话人的态度和看法。如:如:totellyouthetruth说老实话tobeginwith首先tosaynothingof姑且不说sotospeak可以这么说tobeexact精确地说t
49、obesure诚然,固然todohimjustice说句对他公道的话tomakealongstoryshort长话短说tobefrank坦率地说tobebrief简言之toconclude总而言之第37页/共133页TotellyouthetruthTotellyouthetruth,Idontcareforyourplan.,Idontcareforyourplan.Heisnotabadman,Heisnotabadman,tobesure.tobesure.固然,他不是个坏人。固然,他不是个坏人。Theyare,Theyare,sotospeaksotospeak,grownupboys
50、.,grownupboys.可以这么说,他们是大孩子了。可以这么说,他们是大孩子了。TobefrankTobefrank,youareright.,youareright.坦率地说坦率地说,你是对的。你是对的。Heisveryhonest,tobeginwith.首先,他很诚实。第38页/共133页6 6)分裂结构)分裂结构在不定式符号在不定式符号toto和动词原形之间可插入一个副词,使句意明确,通顺自然,构和动词原形之间可插入一个副词,使句意明确,通顺自然,构成分裂不定式,所插入的副词习惯上常与不定式的动词原形连用,故分裂不定式要成分裂不定式,所插入的副词习惯上常与不定式的动词原形连用,故分