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1、句子成分转换的译法第1页，本讲稿共30页5 5 句子成分转换的译法句子成分转换的译法 所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分，（如宾所谓句子成分转换的译法，是把句子的某一成分（如主语）译成另一成分，（如宾语等）。在多数情况下，词类转译必然导致句子成分的转译，例如：当英语的动词转译语等）。在多数情况下，词类转译必然导致句子成分的转译，例如：当英语的动词转译为汉语的名词或副词时，该动词的谓语成分也就相应地转译为汉语的主语、宾语或状语为汉语的名词或副词时，该动词的谓语成分也就相应地转译为汉语的主语、宾语或状语等。等。成分转换的目的是使译文通顺，符合汉语习惯。成分转换的目的是
2、使译文通顺，符合汉语习惯。例句：例句：It is because the bounding properties of one pair of electrons in It is because the bounding properties of one pair of electrons in the double bond are not fully satisfied.the double bond are not fully satisfied.这是由于双键上的一对电子不具有充分饱和的键合性质。这是由于双键上的一对电子不具有充分饱和的键合性质。分句中主语：分句中主语：“the bo
3、unding properties”“the bounding properties”转译为宾语；转译为宾语；分句中定语：分句中定语：“one pair of electrons”“one pair of electrons”转译为主语；转译为主语；分句中状语：分句中状语：“in the double bond”“in the double bond”转译为定语；转译为定语；分句中表语：分句中表语：“are satisfied”“are satisfied”转译为定语。转译为定语。第2页，本讲稿共30页1 1 主语的转译主语的转译例句：例句：The following The followin
4、g definitionsdefinitions apply to the terms used in this specification.apply to the terms used in this specification.本说明所用的一些术语本说明所用的一些术语定义定义如下。如下。（主语（主语谓语）谓语）Evaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solutions rather thanEvaporation emphasis is placed on concentrating a solutions rather tha
5、n forming and building crystals.forming and building crystals.蒸发蒸发着重于着重于将溶液浓缩，而不是生成和析出晶体。将溶液浓缩，而不是生成和析出晶体。（主语（主语谓语）谓语）Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no Organic compounds are not soluble in water because there is no tendencytendency for for waterwater to separate their mo
6、lecules into ions.to separate their molecules into ions.有机化合物不溶于水，因为有机化合物不溶于水，因为水水没有将它们的分子分离成离子的没有将它们的分子分离成离子的倾向倾向。（主语（主语宾语）宾语）MethaneMethane is less than half as heavy a water.is less than half as heavy a water.甲烷甲烷的密度不到水的一半。的密度不到水的一半。（主语（主语定语）定语）When a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid el
7、ectrolyte,When a copper plate is put into the sulfuric acid electrolyte,very few ofvery few of its atoms dissolve.its atoms dissolve.当将铜极片置于硫酸电解液中时，当将铜极片置于硫酸电解液中时，几乎没有几乎没有铜铜 原子溶解。原子溶解。（主语（主语状语）状语）第3页，本讲稿共30页2 2 谓语的转译谓语的转译例句例句:Thus,an acid and a base Thus,an acid and a base reactreact in a proton tra
8、nsfer reaction.in a proton transfer reaction.因此，酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的因此，酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应反应。（谓语（谓语主语）主语）The past few decades The past few decades have been characterizedhave been characterized by prodigious expansion of by prodigious expansion of the organic-chemical industry.the organic-chemical industry.过
9、去数十年的过去数十年的特征特征是有机化学工业得到了惊人的发展。是有机化学工业得到了惊人的发展。(谓语谓语主语）主语）The melting point of alkanes The melting point of alkanes are are rather irregular at first,but rather irregular at first,but tend to tend to rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become larger.rise somewhat steadily as the molecules become
10、 larger.烷烃的熔点起初很不规则，但随着分子的增大，则有些稳步上烷烃的熔点起初很不规则，但随着分子的增大，则有些稳步上升的升的趋势趋势。（谓语（谓语宾语）宾语）第4页，本讲稿共30页3 3 宾语的转译宾语的转译例句：例句：TNT has TNT has high explosive power.(TNT=trinitrotoluene)high explosive power.(TNT=trinitrotoluene)TNT TNT 的的爆炸力爆炸力很大。很大。（宾语（宾语主语）主语）It is assumed that there is little if any leakage th
11、rough It is assumed that there is little if any leakage through the condensersthe condensers.可以设想，可以设想，电容器电容器即使漏电，也是很少的。即使漏电，也是很少的。(宾语宾语主语）主语）Light makes Light makes visionvision possible.possible.有了光，才能有了光，才能看见看见东西。东西。(宾语宾语谓语）谓语）4 4 表语的转译表语的转译Matter is anything that occupies space.Matter is anythin
12、g that occupies space.凡占有空间的凡占有空间的都是物质。都是物质。（表语（表语主语）主语）In this sense structure analysis is In this sense structure analysis is common tocommon to most organic research.most organic research.从这个意义上讲，结构分析从这个意义上讲，结构分析普遍应用于普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。大多数的有机研究。（表语（表语谓语）谓语）第5页，本讲稿共30页5 5 定语的转译定语的转译There are two groups
13、 There are two groups of metalsof metals:pure metals and their alloys.:pure metals and their alloys.金属金属有两大类：纯金属及其合金。（定语有两大类：纯金属及其合金。（定语主语）主语）ManyMany factors enter into equipment reliability.factors enter into equipment reliability.涉及设备可靠性的因素涉及设备可靠性的因素很多很多。（定语。（定语谓语）谓语）Automatic machines Automatic
14、machines having many advantageshaving many advantages can only do the jobs can only do the jobs they have been“told”to do.they have been“told”to do.自动化机器自动化机器虽然有很多优点虽然有很多优点，但它们只能干人们，但它们只能干人们“吩咐吩咐”它们要它们要干的是事。干的是事。（定语（定语状语从句）状语从句）Benzene can undergo the typical substitution reactionsBenzene can underg
15、o the typical substitution reactions of of halogenation,nitration,sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reaction.halogenation,nitration,sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reaction.苯可以进行典型的取代反应，苯可以进行典型的取代反应，如卤化，硝化，磺化和傅氏反如卤化，硝化，磺化和傅氏反应应。（定语（定语同位语）同位语）第6页，本讲稿共30页6 6 状语的转译状语的转译例句：例句：When oxides of nitrogen are a
16、bsorbed When oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water in water to give nitric acid,a to give nitric acid,a chemical reaction occurs.chemical reaction occurs.当当水水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸时，就发生了化学反应。吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸时，就发生了化学反应。（状语（状语主语）主语）When a spring is tightly stretchedWhen a spring is tightly stretched,it is ready to d
17、o work.,it is ready to do work.拉紧的弹簧拉紧的弹簧随时可以做功。随时可以做功。（状语从句（状语从句主语）主语）TNT is simple and relatively safe TNT is simple and relatively safe to manufactureto manufacture.制造制造TNTTNT简单而且比较安全。简单而且比较安全。（状语（状语谓语）谓语）In the simplest chemical cell the electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid In the simplest
18、 chemical cell the electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid in in waterwater.在最简单的化学电池内，电解液是硫酸的在最简单的化学电池内，电解液是硫酸的水水溶液。溶液。(状语状语定语）定语）The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.分子间的吸引力小得可以分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计忽略不计。（状语（状语补语）
19、补语）第7页，本讲稿共30页 8 What Are the Distinguishing Features of the Chemical Industry?化学工业的显著特点是什么？化学工业的显著特点是什么？第8页，本讲稿共30页distinguishing 有区别的有区别的ammonia 氨氨 NH3 ammonia liquor 氨水氨水ammonium 铵铵 NH4+ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵氢氧化铵 NH4OH ammonium chloride 氯化铵氯化铵 NH4Cl ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵硫酸铵(NH4)2SO4 ammonium nitr
20、ate 硝酸铵硝酸铵 NH4NO3anesthetic 麻醉剂，麻醉的麻醉剂，麻醉的laughing gas笑气笑气=nitrous oxide 氧化亚氮氧化亚氮 N2O第9页，本讲稿共30页radical 数学数学 根根 e.g.3 and-3 are radicals of 9.化学化学 基，基团，原子团基，基团，原子团 e.g.aromatic radical 芳芳(族族)基基 hydroxide radical 羟基羟基，氢氧根，氢氧根 语言语言 词根词根 adj 基本的基本的,根本的根本的;重要的重要的,主要的主要的;固有的固有的 完全的完全的,彻底的彻底的 激进的激进的,极端的极端
21、的,过激的过激的 Keep.abreast of.保持与保持与.并列并列第10页，本讲稿共30页 In the case of ammonium nitrate,natural components of the atmosphere(nitrogen,oxygen)and the earth(coal,natural gas,water)are converted into a substance which can be used as a fertilizer,an explosive,and as a reactant in preparation of a widely used g
22、eneral anesthetic.就硝酸铵而言，就硝酸铵而言，大气（氮气、氧气）和土地（煤、天大气（氮气、氧气）和土地（煤、天然气、水）的自然组分被转化成一种这样的物质：它然气、水）的自然组分被转化成一种这样的物质：它既可用作化肥、炸药，也可胜任制备广谱性麻醉剂的既可用作化肥、炸药，也可胜任制备广谱性麻醉剂的原料。原料。第11页，本讲稿共30页Another feature of the chemical industry which becomes evident is its ability to use radically new approaches to solve problem
23、s of supply.化学工业另一个化学工业另一个显著显著特点是特点是能够能够以全新的方法解决以全新的方法解决供应问题。供应问题。第12页，本讲稿共30页 The expansion of nitrogen-containing fertilizer production,essential to keeping food supplies abreast of population increases,was accomplished by developing a revolutionary,low-cost method of producing ammonia from abunda
24、nt atmospheric nitrogen.氮肥生产的扩大，基本上使粮食的供应与人口的增长相适氮肥生产的扩大，基本上使粮食的供应与人口的增长相适应，这一伟大成就是由通过开发一种革命性的、低成应，这一伟大成就是由通过开发一种革命性的、低成本的、由取之不尽用之不竭之大气中的氮合成氨来实本的、由取之不尽用之不竭之大气中的氮合成氨来实现的。现的。第13页，本讲稿共30页natural gas 天然气天然气water gas 水煤气水煤气 C+H2O=CO+H2coke-oven gas 焦炉煤气焦炉煤气，简称，简称COGblast furnace gas 高炉煤气，简称高炉煤气，简称BFGprod
25、ucer gas 发生炉煤气。简称发生炉煤气。简称PGHaber process 哈伯制氨法哈伯制氨法 N2+3H2=2NH3built-in capacity 内在的能力内在的能力nitrogen fertilizer 氮肥氮肥phosphorus fertilizer 磷肥磷肥potassium fertilizer 钾肥钾肥conservation 保护，保持，节约，守恒保护，保持，节约，守恒第14页，本讲稿共30页The three alternate sources of hydrogen for the Harper process(natural gas,water gas,co
26、ke-oven gas)illustrate the flexibility which is typical of many of the processes used by the chemical industry.哈伯制氨法的三个可替代的氢源（天然气、哈伯制氨法的三个可替代的氢源（天然气、水煤气、焦炉煤气）说明了其灵活性，水煤气、焦炉煤气）说明了其灵活性，这在化学工业中所采用的许多工艺中具这在化学工业中所采用的许多工艺中具有典型性。有典型性。第15页，本讲稿共30页 This built-in capacity for interchange raw materials engende
27、rs efficiency,keeps cost low and often permits conservation of natural resources.这种互换原料的内在能力这种互换原料的内在能力产生产生效率，效率，保保持持低成本，并且常常低成本，并且常常使得使得保护自然资源保护自然资源成为成为可能可能。第16页，本讲稿共30页As it does 实际上实际上vulnerability 脆弱性脆弱性lipstick coloring agent 口红色素口红色素plastic wrapper 塑料包装纸塑料包装纸anonymous 匿名的，不知名的匿名的，不知名的for the m
28、ost part 在极大程度上在极大程度上on the whole 总的来说，大体上，大致总的来说，大体上，大致carelessness or expediency error 粗心大意或贪图方便粗心大意或贪图方便make certain 确定，确保，弄清楚确定，确保，弄清楚an array of.一系列的一系列的general welfare 公共福利公共福利第17页，本讲稿共30页considering 就就而论而论innovation 革新，创新革新，创新harmonious adj.和谐的和谐的,和睦的和睦的;协调的协调的,调和的调和的第18页，本讲稿共30页The capacity
29、of the chemical industry to produce products which serve as replacements for the others also provides some relief from the vulnerability of imported raw materials.化学工业生产化学工业生产替代产品替代产品的能力也的能力也缓解缓解了进了进口原材料的脆弱性。口原材料的脆弱性。第19页，本讲稿共30页Ammonium nitrate typifies the products of importance,serving as it does
30、,as an agricultural fertilizer,a mining explosive,and a precursor to a surgical anesthetic.硝酸铵就是典型的重要产品，实际上，它既可以用硝酸铵就是典型的重要产品，实际上，它既可以用作农业化肥、矿山炸药，还可以用作早期的外科作农业化肥、矿山炸药，还可以用作早期的外科手术麻醉剂。手术麻醉剂。第20页，本讲稿共30页The chemical industry produces an amazing array of products of great value both to economy and the
31、general welfare,but obviously this work must be carried out in harmonious balance with environmental considerations.化学工业能生产化学工业能生产许许多多许许多多不仅对经济发展而且对公共不仅对经济发展而且对公共福利均有巨大价值的产品，但是，显而易见，这福利均有巨大价值的产品，但是，显而易见，这个工作必须在环境友好条件下进行。个工作必须在环境友好条件下进行。第21页，本讲稿共30页acid radical 酸根酸根，酸基，酸基，酰，酰active radical 活性根活性根acyl
32、 radical 酰基酰基alkyl radical 烷基烷基，烃基，烃基alkylidene radical 烷叉基烷叉基;次烷基次烷基anesthesiophore radical 麻醉基麻醉基,苯甲酰基苯甲酰基aromatic radical 芳芳(族族)基基auxotox radical 甲亚氨基甲亚氨基bivalent radical 二价基二价基borine radical 硼氢基硼氢基第22页，本讲稿共30页cation radical 阳离子基阳离子基complex radical 复基复基,络合基络合基compound radical 复根复根cumyloxy radical
33、 枯氧游离基枯氧游离基cyclopropenyl radical 环丙烯基环丙烯基developing radical 显影基显影基divalent radical 二价基二价基electronegative radical 阴阴(电电)性根性根electropositive radical 阳阳(电电)性根性根fixed oil radical 固定油基固定油基fluorocarbon radical 氟碳基氟碳基free radical 自由基自由基,游离基游离基heterocyclic radical 杂环基杂环基hydroperoxyl radical 过氧羟自由基过氧羟自由基第23页
34、，本讲稿共30页hydrophilic radical 亲水性基团亲水性基团hydroxide radical 羟基羟基，氢氧根，氢氧根iminoxyl free radical 氧化亚胺自由基氧化亚胺自由基ion radical 离子基离子基irreducible radical 不可约根不可约根masked radical 掩蔽基掩蔽基metal ketyl radical 金属羰游离基金属羰游离基monovalent hydrocarbon radical 一价烃基一价烃基multivalent cyclic hydrocarbon radical 多价环烃基多价环烃基negative
35、radical 阴根阴根;负负(电性电性)根根;负负(性性)根根nilpotent radical 幂零根基幂零根基nitrosyl radical 亚硝酰基亚硝酰基organic radical 有机基有机基;有机根有机根osmate radical 锇酸根锇酸根第24页，本讲稿共30页perester radical 过酸酯基过酸酯基polar radical 极性基极性基positive radical 阳根阳根,正正(电性电性)根根，正，正(性性)基基;正正(电性电性)基基selenate radical 硒酸根硒酸根selenite radical 亚硒酸根亚硒酸根semistabl
36、e radical 半稳自由基半稳自由基side chain radical 侧链基侧链基simple radical 简简(单单)基基stearate radical 硬脂酸根硬脂酸根sulfanilamido radical 磺氨基磺氨基thiocyanate radical 硫硫(代代)氰酸根氰酸根titanate radical 钛酸钛酸(根根)trapped radical 截留基截留基transient radical 瞬变基瞬变基triptyl radical 三蝶烯基三蝶烯基trivalent radical 三价基三价基,三价根三价根unipotent radical 幂单根
37、式幂单根式univalent saturated hydrocarbon radical 一价饱和烃基一价饱和烃基wolframate radical 钨酸根钨酸根第25页，本讲稿共30页无机物的构词法无机物的构词法元素元素 -化物化物 正酸正酸 正酸盐正酸盐 亚酸亚酸 亚酸盐亚酸盐boron boride boric acid borate borous acid borite carbon carbide carbonic acid carbonate -chlorine chloride chloric acid chlorate -chromium -chromic acid chro
38、mate chromous-chromitefluorine fluoride mangneses -manganic-manganate manganous-manganite nitrogen nitride nitric acid nitrate nitrous acid nitritephosphorus phosphide phosphoric-phosphorate phosphorous-phosphoritesulfur sulfide sulfuric acid sulfate sulfurous acid sulfitebromine bromide bromic acid
39、 bromate bromous acid bromiteiodine iodide iodic acid iod(in)ate iodous acid iodite oxygen oxidehydrogen hydridehydrochloric acid 盐酸、氢氯酸盐酸、氢氯酸hydrofluoric acid 氢氟酸氢氟酸hydronoreic acid 氢溴酸氢溴酸第26页，本讲稿共30页 oxide hydroxide chloride sulfate nitratepotassium K2O KOH KCl K2SO4 KNO3sodium Na2O NaOH NaCl Na2S
40、O4 NaNO3calcium CaO Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 CaSO4 Ca(NO3)2magnesium MgO Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 MgSO4 Mg(NO3)2aluminum Al2O3 Al(OH)3 AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 Al(NO3)3ammonium -NH4OH NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3cupric CuO Cu(OH)2 CuCl2 CuSO4 Cu(NO3)2cuprous Cu2O CuOH CuCl Cu2SO4 CuNO3ferric Fe2O3 Fe(OH)3 FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(NO3)3 ferro
41、us FeO Fe(OH)2 FeCl2 FeSO4 Fe(NO3)2 第27页，本讲稿共30页1.Long practice becomes(a)second nature.2.The best defense is offense.3.All is fair in war.明月当空叫，黄犬卧花芯。（王安石）明月当空叫，黄犬卧花芯。（王安石）明月当空照，黄犬卧花阴。（苏轼）明月当空照，黄犬卧花阴。（苏轼）第28页，本讲稿共30页美之为美李耳 天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已。皆知善之为善，斯不善已。故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教。万物作而不辞，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居，夫唯弗居，是以不去。第29页，本讲稿共30页兵势兵势孙武孙武 故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之；予之，敌必之。以利故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之；予之，敌必之。以利动之，以卒待之。故善战者，求之于势，不责于人，故动之，以卒待之。故善战者，求之于势，不责于人，故能择人而任势。任势者，其战人也，如转木石。木石之能择人而任势。任势者，其战人也，如转木石。木石之性，安者静，危者动，方则止，圆则行。故善战人之势，性，安者静，危者动，方则止，圆则行。故善战人之势，如转圆石于千仞之山者，势也。如转圆石于千仞之山者，势也。第30页，本讲稿共30页