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1、Unit 1 Making Buildings Part Illustrated Words and Concepts Figure 1-1 Healthy House Figure 1-2 South Elevation of a House Part Passages Passage A Designing Building Passage B Building SystemsUnit 1 Making BuildingsPart Illustrated Words and Conceptsure Figure 1-1 Healthy HouseUnit 1 Making Building
2、sPart Illustrated Words and Conceptsure Figure 1-2 South Elevation of a HouseUnit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage A Designing Buildings A building begins as an idea in someones mind,a desire for new and ample accommodations for a family,many families,an organization,or an enterprise.For any
3、but the smallest of buildings,the next step for the owner of the prospective building is to engage,either directly or through a hired construction manager,the services of building design professionals.An architect helps to consolidate the owners ideas about the new building,develops the form of the
4、building,and assembles a group of engineering specialists to help work out concepts and details of foundations,structural support,and mechanical,electrical,and communications services.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage A The general contractor hires subcontractors to carry out many special
5、ized portions of the work.The drawings and specifications are submitted to the municipal inspector of buildings,who checks them for conformance with zoning ordinances and building codes before issuing a permit to build.Construction may then begin,with the building inspector,the architect,and the eng
6、ineering consultants inspecting the work at frequent intervals to be sure that it is carried out according to plan.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage A Building Constraints Although a building begins as an abstraction,it is built in a world of material realities.The designers of a building
7、the architects and engineerswork constantly from a knowledge of what is possible and what is not.They are able,on the one hand,to employ any of a limitless palette of building materials and any of a number of structural systems to produce a building of almost any desired form and texture.Unit 1 Maki
8、ng BuildingsPart Passages Passage A On the other hand,they are inescapably bound by certain physical limitations:how much land there is with which to work;how heavy a building the soil can support;how long a structural span is feasible;what sorts of materials will perform well in the given environme
9、nt.They are also constrained by a construction budget and by a complex web of legal restrictions.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage A This passage and the passages followed are concerned primarily with the technologies of construction materialswhat the materials are,how they are produced,w
10、hat their properties are,and how they are crafted into buildings.These must be studied,however,with reference to many other factors that bear on the design of buildings,some of which require explanation.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage A The Work of the Design Professional.The designers
11、of a building must make many choices before its design is complete and ready for construction.In making these choices,they confront several basic questions:What will give the required functional performance?What will give the desired aesthetic result?What is possible legally?What is most economical?
12、How can we build in a sustainable manner?Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage BBuildings Systems There are many alternative ways of doing things:different structural systems,different systems of enclosure,different systems of interior finish.Each system has characteristics that distinguish i
13、t from the alternatives.Sometimes a system is distinguished chiefly by its visual qualities,as one might acknowledge in choosing one type of granite over another,one color of paint over another,or one tile pattern over another.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage B One could choose on purely
14、 technical grounds,as,for example,in selecting to posttension a long concrete beam rather than merely to reinforce it.A designer is often forced into a particular choice by some of the legal constraints.A choice is often influenced by considerations of sustainability.And frequently the selection is
15、made on purely economic grounds.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage B The economic criterion can mean any of several things:Sometimes one system is chosen over another because its first cost is less;sometimes the entire lifecycle costs of competing systems are compared by means of formulas
16、that include first cost,maintenance cost,energy consumption cost(if any),the useful lifetime and replacement cost of the system,and interest rates on invested money;Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage B One cannot gain all the knowledge needed to make such decisions from a textbook.It is in
17、cumbent upon the reader to go far beyond what can be presented hereto other books,to catalogs,to trade publications，to professional periodicals,and especially to the design office,the workshop,and the building site.There is no other way to gain much of the required information than to get involved i
18、n the art and business of building.Unit 1 Making BuildingsPart Passages Passage B One must learn how materials feel in the hand;how they look in a building;how they are manufactured,worked,and put in place;how they perform in service;how they deteriorate with time.One must become familiar with the people and organizations that produce buildingthe architects,engineers,materials suppliers,contractors,subcontractors,workers,inspectors,managers,and building ownersand learn to understand their respective methods,problems,and points of view.