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1、PHIL 2931Contemporary Chinese PhilosophySchedulen nHistory of Contemporary Chinan nModern Challenges to Confucianismn nConfucianism and Democracyn nPolitical Confucianism3 Stages of Chinese Philosophyn nFirst Stage:before 221 B.C.,(pre Chin/Qin 先秦)n nSecond Stage:from Qin 秦 to the middle of Qing 清(1
2、644-1912 A.D.)n nThird Stage:Late Qing(around 1850 A.D to Now)Significances of Each Stagen nFirst Stage:Many schools,replying to the social issues(Chou Dynasty was collapsing,etc.)n nSecond Stage:Metaphysics/Cosmologyn nThird Stage:Replying to the Conquering from the Western countries and Japan;fall
3、 of the empire,Globalization,etc.Warsn nChina was conquered by many countries in the late China was conquered by many countries in the late 1919thth century.century.n nThe First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War,The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War,with Great Britain,1839 to 184
4、2(Hong Kong became with Great Britain,1839 to 1842(Hong Kong became a colony of U.K.after this war,until 1997)a colony of U.K.after this war,until 1997)n nThe First SinoJapanese War(The First SinoJapanese War(中日甲午戰爭中日甲午戰爭 1 1 August 1894 17 April 1895)August 1894 17 April 1895)n nThe Eight-Nation Al
5、liance(The Eight-Nation Alliance(八國聯軍八國聯軍 Austria-Austria-Hungary,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Russia,the Hungary,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,Russia,the United Kingdom,and the United States),1900.United Kingdom,and the United States),1900.The fall of Ching(Qing)Dynasty n nThe Qing Dynasty was overthrow
6、n with massive opposition,abdicated on behalf of the last emperor,on February 12,1912.n nThe collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 brought an end to over 2,000 years of imperial China,and began an extended period of instability,not just at the national level but in many areas of peoples lives.Republi
7、c of China and People Republic of Chinan nThe The Republic of ChinaRepublic of China(中華民國中華民國)succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912,)succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912,and is the first Republic government of China.and is the first Republic government of China.n nSince the republics founding,they have e
8、xperienced many tribulations as it Since the republics founding,they have experienced many tribulations as it was dominated by numerous warlords and fragmented by foreign powers.was dominated by numerous warlords and fragmented by foreign powers.In 1928 the republic was nominally unified under the K
9、uomintang(KMT)In 1928 the republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang(KMT)party,party,n nFrom 1937 to 1945,Chinese had to fight against the conquest from Japan From 1937 to 1945,Chinese had to fight against the conquest from Japan(World War II).(World War II).n nAfter the WWII,the widening g
10、ap between the Kuomintang and the After the WWII,the widening gap between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party made a coalition government impossible,Chinese Communist Party made a coalition government impossible,causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War.causing the resumption of the
11、 Chinese Civil War.n nA series of political,economic,and military missteps led the Kuomintang A series of political,economic,and military missteps led the Kuomintang to defeat and retreat to Taiwan in 1949,establishing an authoritarian one-to defeat and retreat to Taiwan in 1949,establishing an auth
12、oritarian one-party state that declared itself to be the sole legitimate ruler of all of China.party state that declared itself to be the sole legitimate ruler of all of China.n nThe Chinese Communist Party begins the governing of Mainland China The Chinese Communist Party begins the governing of Ma
13、inland China since 1949(People Republic of China)since 1949(People Republic of China)Challenges to Confucianismn nConfucianism was the mainstream of thought.n nWhen China became weaker and weaker,people started to wonder if Confucianism is good enough(external factor)Internal Factorsn nSomething wro
14、ng with Confucianism?Science?n nPolitics(Democracy?Kingship?)n nIs Sung-Ming Confucianism too abstract?n nHow about other Chinese Philosophies?Building of political democracy in Chinan nThe Revolution of 1911,led by Dr.Sun Yat-sen,forerunner of the The Revolution of 1911,led by Dr.Sun Yat-sen,foreru
15、nner of the democratic revolution in China,brought to an end the autocratic democratic revolution in China,brought to an end the autocratic monarchical system that had been in place for more than 2,000 years.But monarchical system that had been in place for more than 2,000 years.But the bourgeois re
16、public,including the parliamentarism and multi-party the bourgeois republic,including the parliamentarism and multi-party system that were subsequently established after the Revolution of 1911 in system that were subsequently established after the Revolution of 1911 in imitation of the mode of Weste
17、rn democracy,did not fulfill the fervent imitation of the mode of Western democracy,did not fulfill the fervent desire of the Chinese people for independence and democracy.The new desire of the Chinese people for independence and democracy.The new republic soon collapsed under the onslaught of domes
18、tic and foreign republic soon collapsed under the onslaught of domestic and foreign reactionary forces Through painstaking exploration and hard struggle,reactionary forces Through painstaking exploration and hard struggle,the Chinese people finally came to realize that mechanically copying the the C
19、hinese people finally came to realize that mechanically copying the Western bourgeois political system and applying it to China would lead Western bourgeois political system and applying it to China would lead them nowhere.To accomplish the historic task of saving China and them nowhere.To accomplis
20、h the historic task of saving China and triumphing over imperialism and feudalism,the Chinese people needed triumphing over imperialism and feudalism,the Chinese people needed new thought and new theories to open up a new road for the Chinese new thought and new theories to open up a new road for th
21、e Chinese revolution and establish a totally new political system.(revolution and establish a totally new political system.(Building of Building of political democracy in Chinapolitical democracy in China,2005,Section I),2005,Section I)A Manifesto on the Reappraisal of Chinese Culturen nCarson Chang
22、 Carson Chang 張君勵張君勵 (1887-1969)(1887-1969)was a politician.And he was a politician.And he was also one of the authors of the Constitution of Republic of was also one of the authors of the Constitution of Republic of China in 1948.China in 1948.n nHsu,Foo-Kwan Hsu,Foo-Kwan 徐復觀徐復觀 (1903-1982)(1903-19
23、82)was a historianwas a historiann nTang,Chun-I Tang,Chun-I 唐君毅唐君毅 (1909-1979);Mou Chung-San(1909-1979);Mou Chung-San 牟宗三牟宗三 (1909-1995)are two leading figures in contemporary Chinese(1909-1995)are two leading figures in contemporary Chinese philosophyphilosophyn nHsieh,Yu-Wei Hsieh,Yu-Wei 謝幼偉謝幼偉 is
24、 another philosopher,and probably is another philosopher,and probably the main translator of this manifestothe main translator of this manifestoContents of the Manifeston nPart I of the manifesto discusses:1)The history and problems of contemporary China,and 2)why Sung-Ming Confucianism is the key o
25、f Chinese culture and philosophy,which may save contemporary China(see Chapter VI)n nPart II discusses science and democracy(echo to the May 4th movement)Confucianism and Democracy(pp.533)n nThe empire is jointly shared by the general public and The empire is jointly shared by the general public and
26、 should be maintained impartially in the public should be maintained impartially in the public interests/The Empire is for the public(interests/The Empire is for the public(Tian xia wei Tian xia wei gong gong 天下為公天下為公)n n“We make the aforesaid observation with a corollary“We make the aforesaid obser
27、vation with a corollary that the ancient Confucian political philosophy that the ancient Confucian political philosophy eventually must develop to be the modern democratic eventually must develop to be the modern democratic principle and its materialization,because its principle and its materializat
28、ion,because its development inevitably was contrary to the development inevitably was contrary to the monarchical system”(p.533)monarchical system”(p.533)Confucianism and Democracy(pp.534-535)n n“Confucian Principle revealed,both the ruler and the“Confucian Principle revealed,both the ruler and the
29、people were actually on the same moral and human people were actually on the same moral and human levelthe Confucian doctrine eventually tended to levelthe Confucian doctrine eventually tended to transform the monarchy into a democracy”(p.534)transform the monarchy into a democracy”(p.534)n n“There
30、was in it a basic contradiction between the“There was in it a basic contradiction between the moral spirit of the Chinese culture and the moral spirit of the Chinese culture and the monarchical absolutism.Such a contradiction might monarchical absolutism.Such a contradiction might only be solved by
31、application of democratic only be solved by application of democratic constitutionalism”(p.535)constitutionalism”(p.535)Summaryn nIt is obvious that there was no democracy or even It is obvious that there was no democracy or even democratic thought in ancient China or democratic thought in ancient C
32、hina or Confucianism.Confucianism.n nBut Confucianism has the seed of democracy But Confucianism has the seed of democracy n nMorality in Confucianism conflicts with Morality in Confucianism conflicts with monarchical monarchical systemsystemn nMorality in Confucianism is not only(1)compatible Moral
33、ity in Confucianism is not only(1)compatible with democracy,but also that(2)we need democracy with democracy,but also that(2)we need democracy to promote and maintain moral autonomy of each to promote and maintain moral autonomy of each individual individual Politicized Confucianismn nThe tradition since Han Dynasty.Politicized Confucianism was served as the official ideology of the dynasties and had taken in ingredients from schools of thought such as Taoism,Legalism,and the Ying Yang School