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1、定语从句 1.1 - 限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法一、基本概念1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的形容词性从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，有时也可与先行词分离。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。如：先行词The woman who lives next door is a doctor. 定语从句先行词定语从句The days are gone when you could leave the door open at night. 3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose,
2、as关系副词：when, where, why.二、关系代词的基本用法。指代例句关系代词及其所充当的成分1.人 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. This is the famous scientist who/whom/that we visited last week. Lodge is no long the man that he was ten years ago. 1. who 主语、宾语2. which 宾语3. that主语、宾语、表语2.物 He finally worked out the pro
3、blem which/ that puzzled him for a long time. The fish that/which we bought yesterday were not fresh. My typewriter is not the machine that it was.1. that 主语、宾语、表语2. which 主语、宾语3.人的；物的 There is a mountain whose top is always covered with snow. They rushed over to help the man whose car broke down. w
4、hose 定语*as的用法as充当关系代词，只用于先行词前出现such, so或the same He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was. This is the same book as I read last week.试翻译以下两句 Lily is such a lovely girl as everybody likes. _ Lily is such a lovely girl that everybody likes her. _* 介词+关系代词which/whom 先行词为物，用“介词+which”The speed at whic
5、h a person walks is 8 miles an hour. 先行词为人，用“介词+whom”Felix is my best friend with whom I share lots of secrets. 定语从句 1.2 - 非限制性定语从句关系代词的用法观察下列非限制性定语从句，总结其与限制性定语从句之间的差异。指代例句1.人 Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 2.物 Water,
6、 which is a clear liquid, has many uses. These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.3.人的；物的 Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.4.句子 The weather t
7、urned out very good, which was more than we could expect. As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history. 试翻译以下两句话，体会比较非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的意义区别 The old man has a son, who is in the army. _ The old man has a son who is in the army._总结限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上无逗号与主句隔开意义上先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往
8、不明确修饰内容先行词关系词关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as；关系副词：when, where, why.关系代词：关系副词：when, where.* 特殊结构 代词数词名词形容词比较级、最高级等of whichwhom China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan Tom tried on two jackets, neither of which fitted him. Theyve got three cars, two
9、 of which they never use. The factory has over 8, 000 workers, eighty percent of whom are women.* 定语从句中的主谓一致 He is one of the students who were praised. He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. I, who am your friend, advise you not to smoke. You, who are my friend, should help me
10、. 定语从句1.3 关系代词用法区分1.宜用that的情况先行词为不定代词：everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none Is there anything that I can do for you? All that glitters is not gold.先行词前有以下修饰词：all, every, no, some, any, little, much. Ive read all the books that are not mine. There are many places that I havent v
11、isited. 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等修饰时 Thats the only thing that we can do now. This is the very pen that I am looking for. 当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时 This was one of the most powerful storms that struck America. The first thing that should be done is to get some food.当先行词中同时包括人和物 Im going to talk ab
12、out the countries and people that I have visited. 关系代词在从句中做表语 Lodge is no long the man that he was ten years ago.当要避免与疑问词which重复时。 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?2.宜用which的情况在非限制性定语从句中 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.介词提前时，不用that，而用which，介词不提前时，用that和whic
13、h都可。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. = This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year. 当先行词被 that或those 修饰 (避免重复) That book which he borrowed yesterday is interesting.3. 宜用who的情况先行词为those指人时 The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped. 先行词为指人的不定量词one,
14、 anyone, no one, nobody, none. Anyone who works here must be careful. as 和 which 在指代句子时1.位置上as引导的从句可放在主句首/末/中。which引导的从句只放在主句后。 As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun. The earth turns around the sun, as /which is known to us all.
15、 2.语义的区别：as有“正如”、“就像”之意，多用于： as is said above; as is known to all；as we can see; as is often the case; as is reported; as is expected; as it turned out Mike won the first prize, as was expected. Mike won the first prize, which was not expected. 定语从句关系代词预习小练I. 学习定语从句1.1，用适当的关系代词/介词+关系代词填空 ()1. who/th
16、at 2. who/that 3. whose 4. that/which/省略5. that/which 6. as 7. that 8. whom/who/that 9. whom; whom 10. on/upon which1. They were well trained by their masters_had great experience with caring for these animals. 2. Many westerners _ come to China seldom cook themselves when they realize how cheap it
17、can be to eat out. 3. A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 4. The exact year _ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 5. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. 6. This is so difficult a problem
18、 _ nobody could answer. 7. This is so difficult a problem _ nobody could answer it. 8. The teacher _I like best often encourages me to fight for my dream. 9. People to _ much is given are people of _much will be expected.10. Some experts think reading is the basic skill _ _ school education depends.
19、 II. 学习定语从句1.2，用适当的关系代词填空 ()1. which 2. whose 3. which 4. whose 5. whom 6. which 7. as/which 8. who 9. whose 10. which1. By now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected. 2. My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. 3. Scientis
20、ts have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved. 4. The books on the desk, _ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 5. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of _ are family members. 6. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended
21、 up staying at Rachels place.7. There is no simple answer, _ is often the case in science.8. But Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.9. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide sta
22、rvation.10. He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.III. 学习定语从句1.3，用适当的关系代词填空 ()1. that 2. that 3. that 4. As 5. which 6. that 7. who 8. that 9. that 10. who1. This is the best film _ has been shown so far in the city. 2. February is the only month _ has fewer tha
23、n 30 days. 3. My son made notes of everything _ he read. 4. _ is reported, the number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 5. Hurricane Camille, _ is one of the most powerful storms striking America, brought death and destruction. 6. Can you remember the scientist and his theory _
24、we have learned? 7. The students benefitting most from college are those_are totally engaged in academic life. 8. This is the very pen _ I am looking for.9. Ningbo is no longer the city_ it was ten years ago.10. Leonardo da Vinci was an extraordinary genius, _ is believed to be “Renaissance man”. I.
25、 1. who/that 2. who/that 3. whose 4. that/which/省略5. that/which 6. as 7. that 8. whom/who/that9. whom; whom 10. on/upon whichII. 1. which 2. whose 3. which 4. whose 5. whom 6. which 7. as/which 8. who 9. whose 10. whichIII. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. As 5. which 6. that 7. who 8. that 9. that 10. wh
26、o定语从句课后巩固练习DDADDDAAACADBCCBCCDD1A lot of language learning, _has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life.AwhatBthatCwhereDas2Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from _ _ you received gifts?AwhichBthemCthatDwhom3Please send us all the information you have about the candidat
27、e for the position.AthatBwhichCasDwhat4It is a truly delightful place, _looks the same as it was 100 years ago with its winding streets.AasBwhereCthatDwhich5Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.AwhomBwhatCwhichDwho6Theyve won their last three matche
28、s, _I find a bit surprising.AthatBwhenCwhatDwhich7She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other.AwhichBwhereCwhatDwho8It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us. A. asB. what C. which D. where9The company and the effect brought
29、about did great good to our business in the market.AitBwhichCthatDwhat10More people prefer to live in the countryside, _ attraction to them lies in the quiet and slow-paced life.AwhoBwhichCwhoseDwhat11Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.Ato whichBby whichCfro
30、m whichDon which12The course normally attracts about 100 students per year, _ up to 50 percent will be from abroad.AwhoBof whichCwhenDof whom13After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.AwhichBwhoCwhereDwhat14It is the third
31、 time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all.AthatBwhereCwhichDwhat15“You cant judge a book by its cover,” _.Aas the saying goes oldBgoes as the old sayingCas the old saying goesDgoes as old the saying16I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far.AwhoBw
32、hoseCwhomDwhich17Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.AthemBthatCwhichDwhat18In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses.Ain whomBin themCof whomDof them19Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it.Anone of themBboth
33、of themCnone of whomDneither of whom20The way _the teacher gave his lessons was easy to understand.AwhichBwhatCin thatDin whichDDADD DAAACADBCCBCCDD定语从句翻译练习1 众所周知，如果你能从失败中吸收教训，你就能避免重蹈覆辙。（avoid doing sth）2这些历经时间考验的经典作品总能开拓读者的视野。(stand the test of time) 3他假装对大城市的生活很熟悉，这让我很生气。(pretend; be familiar with
34、) 4. 他沉溺于电脑游戏，学业成绩深受不良影响。(be addicted to; academic performance)5. 杰克坚定地看了我一眼，这表明他决不向困难屈服。(surrender to difficulty)6. 宁波位于中国东部，它的名字代表着“平静的海浪”。(lie in/be located in)7. 从下面的山谷望去，山顶上覆盖着雪的那座山是一道壮丽的风景。(view; be covered/blanketed with; s splendid sight)8. 泛读是掌握英语的基本技能。(the basic skill; depend on/upon)9面试中，
35、这位求职者流露出自信和善良，给我留下了很深的印象。(impress) 10你应该多请教老师，从老师那里你可以清楚地知道自己在学习上的优缺点。(consult; strengths and weaknesses)11大量的灾难威胁着人类文明，其中最具破坏性的是人类自身引发的世界大战。(threaten human civilization; 最高级+which)12街上挤满了刚从地震中侥幸逃生的人。(pack; a narrow escape) 13没有任何对大火的反抗，这场大火的威力足以使太阳变红，使白天变暗，使大地遍布烟雾。（oppose the flames; redden; darken
36、; fill sth with sth）14正如你所见，目前在地震中死亡或受重伤的人数在不断增加。(as you can see)15. 志愿者尽全力给被困在村子里的人送去了食物和其他救灾补给品。（trap; deliver; supply）Keys (possible version)1 众所周知，如果你能从失败中吸收教训，你就能避免重蹈覆辙。（avoid doing sth）As is known to all, if you can learn from failures, you can avoid repeating the same mistake/ making the same
37、 mistake repeatedly.2这些历经时间考验的经典作品总能开拓读者的视野。(stand the test of time) These classics that have stood the test of time can always broaden the readers horizons.3他假装对大城市的生活很熟悉，这让我很生气。(pretend; be familiar with) He pretended to be/get familiar with life in big cities, which made me really angry.4. 他沉溺于电脑
38、游戏，学业成绩深受不良影响。(be addicted to; academic performance)He is addicted to (playing) computer games, which negatively affects/has a negative effect on his academic performance.5. 杰克坚定地看了我一眼，这表明他决不向困难屈服。(surrender to difficulty)Jack gave/shot me a determined look, which showed that he would never surrende
39、r/give in to difficulty. 6. 宁波位于中国东部，它的名字代表着“平静的海浪”。(lie in/be located in)Ningbo, whose name means calm waves, lies in/is located in the east of China. 7. 从下面的山谷望去，山顶上覆盖着雪的那座山是一道壮丽的风景。(view; be covered/blanketed with; s splendid sight)When viewed from the valley below, the mountain whose top is cove
40、red/blanketed with snow offers us a splendid sight/is a splendid sight. 8. 泛读是掌握英语的基本技能。(the basic skill; depend on/upon)Extensive reading is the basic skill on which a good command/the mastery of English depends.9面试中，这位求职者流露出自信和善良，给我留下了很深的印象。(impress) The confidence and kindness (that/which) the em
41、ployee showed in the interview impressed me a lot.10你应该多请教老师，从老师那里你可以清楚地知道自己在学习上的优缺点。(consult; strengths and weaknesses)Youre supposed to consult teachers more, from whom you can clearly know your strengths and weaknesses in studies. 11大量的灾难威胁着人类文明，其中最具破坏性的是人类自身引发的世界大战。(threaten human civilization;
42、最高级+which)A large number of disasters have threatened/threaten human civilization, the most destructive of which is the world war caused by humans themselves. 12街上挤满了刚从地震中侥幸逃生的人。(pack; a narrow escape)The streets were packed/jammed with people who just had a narrow escape from the earthquake. 13没有任何
43、对大火的反抗，这场大火的威力足以使太阳变红，使白天变暗，使大地遍布烟雾。（oppose the flames; redden; darken; fill sth with sth）There was no opposing the flames, whose power was enough to redden the sun, darken the day and fill the land with smoke. 14正如你所见，目前在地震中受伤和死亡的人数在不断增加。(as you can see)As you can see, the number of people who were dead or badly injured in the earthquake is increasing at present.15. 志愿者尽全力给被困在村子里的人送去了食物和其他补给品。（trap; deliver; supply）Volunteers made great efforts to deliver food and other relief supplies to the people/those who were trapped in the village. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司