科技英语的基础知识.ppt

上传人:wuy****n92 文档编号:73601684 上传时间:2023-02-20 格式:PPT 页数:64 大小:553.50KB
返回 下载 相关 举报
科技英语的基础知识.ppt_第1页
第1页 / 共64页
科技英语的基础知识.ppt_第2页
第2页 / 共64页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

《科技英语的基础知识.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《科技英语的基础知识.ppt(64页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。

1、Scientific and Technical English for Information EngineerThe Basic Knowledge of Scientific and The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and Technical EnglishTechnical English(科技英语的基础知识科技英语的基础知识)广州大学 电子信息工程系2/20/20231The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and The Basic Knowledge of Scientific and Technical Engli

2、shTechnical English1 Some Key Problems in Scientific and Technical English1.1 Vocabularies or Words1.1 Vocabularies or Words词汇是语言的基础,科技英语中的词汇可分为四类:普通词汇、专业词汇、专业缩写和转意词汇:Scientific and Technical English for Information Engineering2/20/20232(1)普通词汇:科技英语作为英语的一个分支,需要大量地使用普通词汇,尤其是普通词汇中的冠词、动词、副词、介词、形容词、数词、连

3、接词,也部分地使用普通词汇中的名词、代词,但很少使用感叹词。这些词汇在科技英语中的意义和用法与在普通英语中基本一致。2/20/20233(2)专业词汇:在科学技术的各个领域都有大量各自特有的专业词汇。专业词汇数量庞大,是专业英语初学者学习的重点。稍加观察就会发现,专业词汇绝大部分是名词或名词词组,以及少量形容词,且词意单一,罕有歧义。用法简单,只要注意积累,掌握一定数量的专业词汇(例如1000个以上)并不是太困难的事。2/20/20234(3)专业缩写词汇:在专业英语文献中,还常出现一些专业缩写词汇。尤其是通信技术和电子信息技术中的专业缩写词汇很多,且新的缩写词汇仍不断涌现,有一些缩写词汇是从

4、不同的原文缩写而成,故有多义。掌握一定数量的专业缩写词汇(例如200500个),是顺利阅读专业文献所必须的:以下列举一些在通信技术中常见的专业缩写词汇 2/20/20235KVL Kirchhoffs voltage lawLTI linear time-invariantFET field-effect transistorMOS metal-oxide-semiconductorIC integrated circuitCCCS current-controlled current sourceVCVS voltage-controlled voltage sourceAM amplitu

5、de modulationFM frequency modulation,Foreign MinistryDM delta modulationPCM pulse code modulationSSB single-side band2/20/20236QPSK quadrature phase-shift keyingRADAR radio detection and rangingIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIEC International Electrotechnic CommissionITU Intern

6、ational Telecommunications UnionCATV cable television,community antenna televisionDOS disk operating systemLAN local area networkISDN integrated services digital networkATM asynchronous eIsINkrEnEs transfer modeFDDI fiber distributed data interface2/20/20237CAD computer-aided designFFT fast Fourier

7、transformFig.FigureIEEE-488 General Purpose Interface BusIEEE-802-LAN standardsAC,ac alternating current.adaptive control,accumulator,account,acidDC,dc direct current,data channel,distribution controlA/D,ADC analog-to-digital converterPC personal computer,personal communicationCPU central processing

8、 unitDSP digital signal processing,digital signal processor2/20/20238(4)转义词汇:科技英语中还有不少词汇是从普通词汇中借用的、移植过来的,并赋予他们不同于普通应用时的专门意义。但它们也可能以普通词汇的意义出现在专业英语文献中,这就是所谓的转意词汇。它们的数量虽不及前两类词汇多,但因其多义性和转意性,故较难掌握。比如在通信技术中常见的部分转意词:2/20/202392/20/2023101.2 Form word(形式词)根据是否具有实际意义,英语词汇可分为实义词和虚义词。尽管虚义词本身没有确切的实际意义。但在句中起着连接、

9、引导、转承、变换、伴随、比较、让步、时序等多种作用,所以对整个句子的含义有着决定性的影响。应该仔细观察整个句子以及上下文关系对虚词在句中的作用做出正确判断。虚义词的数量虽不多,但其使用频率很高。例如 2/20/202311(1)The most fundamental noise performance used is known as the signal-to-noise ratio.众所周知,信噪比是最基本的噪声性能。(as引导主语补语)(2)The electrons,as shown in Fig.5,are very light.如图5所示,电子非常轻。(as引导主语定语)(3)S

10、ee the answers as given at the end of this book.请参阅本书末尾给出的答案。(as引导宾语定语)(4)As electricity can do work,it is a form of energy.电是一种能量,因为它能做功。(as引导原因从句)2/20/202312(5)The new device is designed as an alternative for the old one.这个新器件是为取代那个旧的而设计的。(as表示目的,for指明对象)(6)Small as atoms are,electrons are still s

11、maller.原子虽然很小,但电子更小。(as引导让步从句)(7)As the FM stereo system was being devised there was,and still is,a requirement that the stereo signal should be compatible with any existing monophonic receivers.当初开发调频立体声系统时,就要求立体声信号兼容各种已有的单声收音机,这一要求现在仍是需要的。(as引导时间从句)2/20/202313(8)The current increases as the voltag

12、e does.电流随电压的增大而增大。(as表示伴随)或:电流就像电压那样增大。(as表示比较)as引导伴随或比较从句,具体应选择哪一种;须参考上下文来判断。(9)A voltmeter is an instrument for measuring voltage.电压表是测量电压的仪器。(for表示目的)(10)The insulator was burned for overheating.该绝缘体因过热而烧毁。(for表示原因)(11)The input-output square-law relationship of FETs allows for lower distortion

13、level.场效应晶体管的平方律输入输出关系可以减小失真。(for表示结果)2/20/2023141.31.3 Long Sentences Long Sentences 使用长句写作,是科技英语的一个特点。长句可以用两种方式进行简化:依据谓语动词(predicate)将复合句分解为一组简单句。依据关键词简化各词组。2/20/202315(1)For direct current and low-frequency alternating current(up to a few thousand cycles per second)the resistance is reversely pro

14、portional to the cross-sectional area of the path the current must travel;that is,given two conductors of the same material and having same length,but differing in cross-sectional area,the one with larger area will have the lower resistance.此句可先简化为:resistance is reversely proportional to area,that i

15、s,the one will have the lower resistance.然后把其他辅助修饰成分补充回去,得到全句完整含义:直流与低频交流(几千赫兹以内)电阻反比于电流通路的截面积,就是说,两个材料相同、长度相同但截面积不同的导体,截面积较大的那个具有较小的电阻。2/20/202316(2)Thus,if a given requirement calls for p-channel units with channel length so short that yield is too small,more than sufficient speed and good yield c

16、ould be obtained with n-channel units and slightly larger channel length.此句可简化为:requirement calls for units,yield is too small,speed and yield could be obtained with units.几个分句的意义是一目了然的。且前面两个分句组成带结果从句的复合句。再与第三个简单句分句并列。然后把辅助成分补充回去,可把全句译为:因此,如果给定的指标要求p沟道器件的沟道长度过短,致使成品率太低,那么采用n沟道器件和略长一点沟道,就能获得很满意的速度和高的

17、成品率:2/20/202317(3)The ratio of capacitance with some material other than air between the plates,to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.这个句子虽然较长,但却是一个简单句。依据各词组的关键词可得一个很简短的句子:ratio is called constant.再把其他修饰成分补充回去。可把此句译

18、为:电容器极板间充以非空气的某种材料时的电容与该电容器充以空气时的电容之比称为该绝缘材料的介电常数。insulation7insju5leiFEn n.绝缘 dielectric 7daii5lektrik constant 介电常数2/20/202318(4)This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate,then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on,until the horizontal lines in

19、to which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence.此句可先分解和简化为如下的简单句:beam sweeps each line.then flies back to scan another line,it is desired to break picture into lines in desired sequence.把分句组合起来,并恢复其他辅助成分,全句译为:电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行。然后飞速返回去扫描下一行,直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序

20、分割成行。2/20/202319(5)When these fast moving radio waves strike some other conductor placed in their path at a distant point,they produce in the second conductor weak currents of the same nature as the original current which produced these radio waves.此句可先简化为:waves strike conductor,they(waves)produce c

21、urrents,which(original current)produced waves.全句可译为:当这些快速传播的无线电波碰到位于其路径远端的某一导体时,就会在该导体内感应微弱的电流,该电流与产生无线电波的原电流具有相同的属性。2/20/202320(6)The technical possibilities could well exist,therefore,of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity,controlled by computers,interconnected globally by

22、 satellite and submarine cable,providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world.此句虽长,但仍是个简单句。依据词组的关键词简化后。可得该句的骨架是:possibilities of network exit分析出了句子的骨架,就可正确把握句子的主题。进而理解整句的含义。该句可译为:因此,在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大。由计算机控制,并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联,提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信 2/20/202321(7)We must therefo

23、re conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small,there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases.这个句子虽然不是特别长,但主句带两个并列的宾语从句,而这两个宾语从句又各带一个时间从句,出现从句套从句的复杂语法现象。在简化复合句时,要特别注意各简单句之间的相互关系。此句可译为:因此我们必然得出结论:当分子之间的距离很小时

24、,就产生斥力;并且这种斥力随着分子间距离的减小而迅速增大 repulsionri5pQlFEn n.推斥,排斥,严拒,厌恶,反驳2/20/2023222 Criteria of Translation 语言间的翻译应满足“信、达、雅”三项准则。科技英语的翻译更注意前两项准则。信(True):译文须忠实于原文的含义。并尽可能保留原文的风格。达(Smooth):译文须通顺流畅。符合汉语规范习惯。稚(Refined):在保证前两项准则的基础上;译文应优美、雅致、简明。译文首先必须满足“信”的准则。这就要求正确理解原文的含义。为此,要特别注意英语词汇相对于汉语的不同用法。下面举例说明一些易犯的错误。2

25、/20/202323(1)In semiconductor devices,an electrode is an electric and mechanical contact to a region of the device译文1:半导体器件的电极是通向该器件某一区域的电气触点和机械触点。译文2:半导体器件的电极是通向该器件某一区域的电气兼机械触点。译文1是有误的。因为原文中的contact的形容词是electric and mechanical,错错!2/20/202324(2)The importance of the laser can not be overestimated in

26、 that it can provide extremely high capacity for communications译文1:在提供极大的通信容量方面,对激光的重要性不能估计过高。译文2:在提供极大的通信容量方面,对激光的重要性不可能估计过高。译文1是错误的;因为can not表示overestimated在逻辑上是不会出现的;而不是对overestimated的否定。2/20/202325(3)In the AND circuit,“1”signals on all inputs gives an“1”output;output is“0”,if all inputs are not

27、“1”.译文1:在“与电路中;若所有输入端为“1”信号,则输出“1”;若所有输入不是“1”;则输出为“0”。译文2:在“与”电路中,若所有输入端为“1”信号,则输出“1”;若输入不全为“1”,则输出“0”。译文1是错误的,因为a11not是部分否定。多义词(如下例句中的operate)的含义选择常是正确翻译的难点,需要根据上下文,以做出符合专业逻辑的正确判断。2/20/202326(4)Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency.

28、渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素。(5)In a transistor the output current depends upon the input current,hence it is a current-operated device.晶体管的输出电流取决于输入电流;因此它是电流控制器件。2/20/202327(6)The relay is operated by a current of several milliamperes.这个继电器由几毫安的电流启动。milliampere 7mili5AmpZE n.电毫安培(7)The hearing aids arc op

29、erated from batteries.这些助听器由电池供电。2/20/2023283 Changes in translation 不同的语言有一定的共性。更有不同的语法规则和习惯。因此忌讳逐字逐句式的硬译,而须在正确理解原文的基础上,做适当的变换以符合汉语的规范和习惯满足“达”的要求。2/20/2023293.1 Changes Between Word Classes3.1 Changes Between Word Classes 汉语中动词的使用远比英语多,用法也更为灵活。英语有冠词,而汉语则没有。英语中大量地使用介词。而汉语中却用得不多。两种语言之间的这些区别就需要在翻译中适当变

30、换词类。下面举例说明。2/20/202330(1)Digital computers are essentially machines for recording numbers,operating with numbers and giving the result in numerical forms.数字计算机本质上是记录数字、运算数字和给出数字形式的结果的机器。(译文把原文中的动名词变换成了动词)(2)A continuous increase in temperature of a gas in a container will lead to a continuous increa

31、se in the internal pressure within the gas.不断提高密闭容器内的气体温度。会使气体的内部压力不断增大。(译文把原文中的名词变换成了动词)2/20/202331(3)Noise-figure is minimized by a parametric amplifier.利用参量放大器把噪声系数降到最小。(译文把原文中的介词变换成了动词)(4)The miniature receiving antenna was developed as an alternative to that large one.这种小型天线是为了取代那种大型天线而研制的(译文把原

32、文中的名词变换成了动词)2/20/202332(5)Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.气体与固体的区别在于前者较后者有更大的可压缩性。有些时候,英语中的动词不便于译成汉语动词时,常改译为名词或其他词类,动词differ变换成了名词。2/20/2023333.2 Changes in Word Order3.2 Changes in Word Order 汉语主要用词序来表示句中各词间的逻辑关系,而英语除用词序外,还常用介词、分词、副词等表示各词的逻辑关

33、系。故在翻译时常需要做适当的词序变换,否则译文不流畅,甚至错误。2/20/202334(1)The main device failure mode is secondary breakdown.译文l:主要器件的失效模式是二次击穿。译文2:器件的主要失效模式是二次击穿。译文1按原序直译,意思却错了。译文2变换了词序,意思却对了。因为此句中的main不是用来说明device,而是说明mode。2/20/202335(2)The word transistor is coined by using parts of transfer and resistor.译文:晶体管这个词是由“变换”和“电

34、阻器”的某些部分组成的。此句中transistor是word的同位语。同位语的翻译常需要换序。(3)Integrated circuits were successfully developed in American in 1958.译文:集成电路于1958年在美国研制成功。谓语与状语的词序在英语和汉语中足不一样的。英语词序:谓语方式状语地点状语时间状语,汉语词序:时间状语地点状语方式状语谓语。2/20/202336(4)An electric field can be produced by any charges present in space.译文1:电场可由空间存在的任何电荷所产生

35、。译文2:空间存在的任何电荷均会产生电场。科技英语中大量使用被动语态;而汉语则更喜欢用主动语态。译文2是按主动语态翻译的,其词序当然要做相应的变换。英语常用分词和介词短语进行修饰,它们总是位于被修饰的事物之后。译成汉语时,常需换成前置的词序。2/20/202337(5)After the circuit was tested at room temperature,the package was opened and the die was inspected.译文1:这个电路在室温下被测试后,其封装被打开,其芯片被检查。译文2:在室温下测试该电路,然后打开其封装,并检查芯片。此例表明:把被动

36、语态改译为译文2的主动语态并不违背原意,而且显得简洁、明快。当然,词序应做相应变换。2/20/2023383.3 Ellipsis i5lipsis(省略)冠词在英语中的使用频率极高,但汉语中却根本没有冠词。英语广泛使用介词、代词生词语间的逻辑关系,而汉语更多的是借助于词序来表达逻辑关系。因此在翻译中,常需适当的省略以符合汉语的习惯:2/20/202339(1)Any substance is made of atoms,whether it is a gas,a liquid or a solid 任何物质,无论气体、液体或固体,都是由原子组成的。(泽文中省去了冠词a)(2)The inte

37、nsity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound.声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。(译文中省略了冠词the)2/20/2023403.4 Supplements 5sQplimEnt(补充)科技英语行文简练,且常用省略。因此在译成汉语时,有时需根据汉语的习惯做适当补充 2/20/202341(1)Radar astronomy is the radar investigation of celestial si5lestFEl

38、objects.译文1:雷达天文学是天体的雷达研究。译文2:雷达天文学是用雷达研究天体的科学。译文1是直译,显得生硬。译文2做了一些补充,显得流畅。(2)The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band.译文1:该滤波器的衰减在整个频带内接近恒定在0.5 dB以内。译文2:该滤波器的衰减近于恒定,整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。译文2做了一点补充,显得更合汉语习惯。attenuationE7tenju5eiFEn n.变薄,稀薄化,变细,衰减2/2

39、0/202342(3)The first term of Fourier series is called the fundamental,the others the harmonicshB:5mCnik.译文1:傅里叶级数的第一项称为基波,其他的谐波。译文2:傅里叶级数的第一项称为基波,其他各项称为谐波。原文中的第二分句是不完整的省略句,译文2中做了补充才符合汉语习惯。harmonichB:5mCnikadj.谐和的,融洽的n.谐波,谐函数(4)The power transistors are generally encased in metal for protection.译文1:功

40、率晶体管通常封装在金属中加以保护。译文2:功率晶体管通常封装在金属外壳中加以保护。原文省略了“外壳”。译文2将其补充进去,这样才符合汉语习惯。2/20/2023433.5 Extensions(引申)直译常常让人感到生硬、拗口,而在正确理解原意的基础上进行适当引申,常可使译文流畅、明了。2/20/202344(1)As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material.直译:因为橡胶阻止电通过,所以用作绝缘材料。引申:因为橡胶不导电,所以用作绝缘材料。(2)The prod

41、uct yield is a sensitive function of process control.直译:产品成品率是工艺管理的灵敏函数。引申:产品成品率与工艺管理密切相关。(3)Integrated circuits are more of a science,than of a technology.直译:集成电路中的科学比技术多。引申:集成电路与其说是技术,不如说是科学。2/20/202345(4)At present,the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device design a

42、nd process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures,if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled.译文:目前,大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善,以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性,就必须辅以筛选和检验,以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足。可以看出。译文中不但作了词类、词序、省略、补充等方面的变换,还把原句隐含的意义引申出来,使译文明确流畅。2/20/2023464 Numbers and Quantities

43、 科技文献中经常出现数量的各种表述,特别注意同与汉语的区别。4.1 Number Systems(数制)汉语的数制与英语不同,美式英语与英式英语的数制也不尽相同。而且汉语中还有大数制与小数制之分。汉语大数制用于普通场合,而小数制则主要用于工程技术领域。2/20/2023472/20/2023484.2 Abbreviations about Numbers 科技英语中大量采用量词的缩写,如下表所示,在使用中要特别注意大小字母。2/20/2023492/20/2023504.3 About Increase and DecreaseAbout Increase and Decrease(1)Th

44、e production of various ICs have been increased four times as againstfour times as against 1995.译文1:各种集成电路的产量增加到增加到1995年的四倍。译文2:各种集成电路的产量较1995年增加了增加了三倍。在翻译增加倍数的时候,若按增加净量(不含基数,如译文2),则应遵循(n-1)规则;若按增加后的总量(包含基数,如译文1),则按原句的倍数翻译。2/20/202351(2)The switching time of the new type transistor is shortened by a

45、 factor of threeby a factor of three.译文1:新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。译文2:新型晶体管的开关时间缩短为三分之一。为避免引起歧义,关于减小的翻译最好不译成减小多少倍,而翻译成分数或百分数。若按减小净量来翻译,则遵循(n-1)/n的规则(如译文1);若按减小后的余量翻译,则为1/n(如译文2)。2/20/202352(3)The cost of TV sets was reduced byreduced by 70%.电视机的成本降低了70%。(4)We have radio experiments every threeevery three w

46、eeks.我们每三周(每隔二周)做一次无线电实验。every按“每隔”来翻译时,须遵循(n-1)规则。2/20/2023535.Mathematic Symbols and Expressions5.Mathematic Symbols and Expressions5.1 Mathematic Symbols Mathematic Symbols2/20/2023542/20/2023555.2 Grecian5ri:FEn Letters(希腊字母)2/20/2023565.3 Mathematic Expressions5.3 Mathematic Expressions a+b=c a

47、dd a.to b is c,a adds 6 is c,a and 6 is c,a plus 6 is ca-b subtract b from a,b from a,a subtracts b,a minus bab multiply a by b,a times bab divide a by b,a by b,b into aa/b a over bx2 x squared,the square of x,the second power of xx3 x cubed,the cube of x,the third power of xxn the nth power of x,x

48、to the power of n,x to the n2/20/202357 the square root of x,root x the cube root of x the nth root of xlogab log b to the base a the nth derivativedi5rivEtiv of y with respect to x integral between limits a and bn!factorial nx the absolute value of x the mean value of x,x barf(x)function f of x2/20

49、/2023586 6 How to Write a ThesisHow to Write a Thesis6.1 How to Write the Title6.1 How to Write the Title 科技论文必须有一个简明、确切的标题。标题必须简短精练,概括性强一般应控制在l2个单词以内。标题应该鲜明地概括论文的主题。为了简明,标题一般不是一个完整的句子,而只是一十词组,甚至不必强求语法上的严格性或完整性而进行适当省略。2/20/2023596.2 How to Write the Abstract 摘要是论文的一个重要组成部分,有利于读者慨要地了解论文的主要内容,有利于编目检索。

50、论文摘要的质量好坏直接影响论文本身的科学价值和对外学术交流的效果。摘要虽然一般放在正文的前面,但却应在整篇论文完成以后再进行写作。以便如实摘取论文的要点。2/20/202360论文摘要一般包括如下内容:(1)研究的目的与意义。(2)研究的方法与途径。(3)研究的成果与结论。总之,论文摘要应包括足够的信息,引起读者阅读论文正文的兴趣。摘要应该简明扼要,不必解释。摘要应该公正客观,不要令读者有强加之感。摘要应该突出特点,令读者感到有阅读正文的必要。在写作摘要时,应注意以下几点:2/20/202361(1)开门见山地点明论文的主题,即论文的目的与意义。(2)简短列举论文的主要工作成果。(3)强调论文

展开阅读全文
相关资源
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 教育专区 > 大学资料

本站为文档C TO C交易模式,本站只提供存储空间、用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,本站只是中间服务平台,本站所有文档下载所得的收益归上传人(含作者)所有。本站仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。若文档所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知淘文阁网,我们立即给予删除!客服QQ:136780468 微信:18945177775 电话:18904686070

工信部备案号:黑ICP备15003705号© 2020-2023 www.taowenge.com 淘文阁