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1、Unit Fourteen2/20/20232/20/20231 1Contentsn nIntroductionn nText(A)analysisn nSome comments on writingn nText(B)analysisn nFurther readingn nExercises2/20/20232/20/20232 2Introductionn nWritten by Bruce Alberts,editor-in-Chief of Written by Bruce Alberts,editor-in-Chief of ScienceScience,Text A give
2、s some advice to the,Text A gives some advice to the young who wish to become scientists in young who wish to become scientists in the future.the future.n nText B explains what makes a scientific Text B explains what makes a scientific paper and the popular format.paper and the popular format.2/20/2
3、0232/20/20233 3Text analysisText A On Becoming a Scientist2/20/20232/20/20234 4Bruce Albertsn npresident emeritus(president emeritus(荣誉主席荣誉主席)of)of the U.S.National Academy of the U.S.National Academy of Sciences and chair of the Sciences and chair of the National Research Council National Research
4、Council(1993-2005),has been named(1993-2005),has been named by the Board of Directors of the by the Board of Directors of the American Association for the American Association for the Advancement of Science Advancement of Science(AAAS)to serve as editor-in-(AAAS)to serve as editor-in-chief of its jo
5、urnal chief of its journal ScienceScience beginning 1 March 2008.beginning 1 March 2008.2/20/20232/20/20235 5Text Structuren nPart I(para.14)n nIt is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors wisely.n nPart II(para.57)n nBesides technical skills,it is critical to be able to design rese
6、arch strategies.2/20/20232/20/20236 6Answer the questionsn n1.What has the author learned at Harvard?(para 1)n n2.How can a person think and function as a scientist?(para 1)n n3.What is the first piece of advice that Albert gives to prospect scientists in helping them select their mentors?(para 2)2/
7、20/20232/20/20237 7Answer the questionsn n4.According to Albert,what are the criteria for a good advisor?(para 3,4)n n5.How important is it for scientist be able to design research strategies?(para 6)2/20/20232/20/20238 8Language pointsPara 11.apprenticeship serve ones with sb.做某人学徒 serve out ones 学
8、徒期满,出师2.mentor-a wise and trusted counselor or mentor-a wise and trusted counselor or teacher teacher 贤明和忠实的顾问或良师贤明和忠实的顾问或良师,导师导师,指导指导者者2/20/20232/20/20239 9Para 2n nnot nearly-not nearly-绝不绝不,相差甚远相差甚远,远非远非n nethical standard-ethical standard-道德规范道德规范n nconsult about the matter consult about the mat
9、ter 商议此事商议此事n nconsult with counsel consult with counsel 与法律顾问商议与法律顾问商议n nconsult for a large building firmconsult for a large building firm为大型建筑为大型建筑公司做咨询工作公司做咨询工作2/20/20232/20/20231010Para 4n nempowerempower sb.to do sth.-sb.to do sth.-授权某人做某事授权某人做某事n ninnovateinnovate-n nv.tr.to begin or introduc
10、e(something v.tr.to begin or introduce(something new)for or as if for the first time new)for or as if for the first time 革新：第革新：第一次或好象第一次开始或介绍（新东西）一次或好象第一次开始或介绍（新东西）n nv.intr.to begin or introduce something v.intr.to begin or introduce something new new 创新：开始或介绍新东西创新：开始或介绍新东西2/20/20232/20/20231111Wr
11、itingBecause so much of ones scientific future is Because so much of ones scientific future is shaped by early experiences,it is critical that shaped by early experiences,it is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors beginning scientists select their mentors wisely.But what constitut
12、es a“good”choice is wisely.But what constitutes a“good”choice is not always obvious.Please write an essay of not always obvious.Please write an essay of 300 words on how to choose your 300 words on how to choose your mentor/supervisor for graduate students.mentor/supervisor for graduate students.2/2
13、0/20232/20/20231212Text B What Is a Scientific Paper?2/20/20232/20/20231313Questions for comprehension1.How does the 1.How does the Council of Biology EditorsCouncil of Biology Editors(CBE)define (CBE)define primary literature?primary literature?2.What kind of process is peer-review?2.What kind of p
14、rocess is peer-review?3.Why has the writer belabored on the definition of 3.Why has the writer belabored on the definition of scientific paper?scientific paper?4.In terms of organization,what is the most popular 4.In terms of organization,what is the most popular order of a scientific paper?order of
15、 a scientific paper?5.Does IMRAD format apply to each research field?Why 5.Does IMRAD format apply to each research field?Why or why not?or why not?6.What should be the main concerns of scientists and 6.What should be the main concerns of scientists and editors in reporting data?editors in reporting
16、 data?2/20/20232/20/20231414NO.1According to the CBE,an acceptable primary scientific According to the CBE,an acceptable primary scientific publication must be the first disclosure containing the publication must be the first disclosure containing the sufficient information to enable peers(1)to asse
17、ss sufficient information to enable peers(1)to assess observations,(2)to repeat experiments,and(3)to observations,(2)to repeat experiments,and(3)to evaluate intellectual processes;moreover,it must be evaluate intellectual processes;moreover,it must be susceptible to sensory perception,essentially su
18、sceptible to sensory perception,essentially permanent,available to the scientific community permanent,available to the scientific community without restriction,and available for regular screening without restriction,and available for regular screening by one or more of the major recognized secondary
19、 by one or more of the major recognized secondary services.services.2/20/20232/20/20231515NO.2Peer-review refers to the process through Peer-review refers to the process through which a research paper is critically which a research paper is critically evaluated prior to publication,by scientists eva
20、luated prior to publication,by scientists with in-depth knowledge of the authors with in-depth knowledge of the authors area of research or investigation,to ensure area of research or investigation,to ensure that the work under review is accurate,that the work under review is accurate,reliable,well-
21、written,and worthy of reliable,well-written,and worthy of publication;the process is generally guided publication;the process is generally guided by an editor who makes the final decision.by an editor who makes the final decision.2/20/20232/20/20231616NO.3(1)He did it for two reasons.He did it for t
22、wo reasons.First,to get rid the First,to get rid the confusion.confusion.The community of science has long been The community of science has long been unable or unwilling to define primary publication.As unable or unwilling to define primary publication.As a result,much of the literature is buried i
23、n meeting a result,much of the literature is buried in meeting abstracts,obscure conference reports,government abstracts,obscure conference reports,government publications,or in books or journals of minuscule publications,or in books or journals of minuscule circulation.Other papers,in the same or s
24、lightly circulation.Other papers,in the same or slightly altered form,are published twice or more often;altered form,are published twice or more often;occasionally,this is the result of poor ethics on the occasionally,this is the result of poor ethics on the part of the author,but more often it is t
25、he lack of part of the author,but more often it is the lack of definition as to which conference reports,books,and definition as to which conference reports,books,and compilations are(or should be)primary publications compilations are(or should be)primary publications and which are not redundancy an
26、d confusion result.and which are not redundancy and confusion result.2/20/20232/20/20231717NO.3(2)Second,to help graduate student or the Second,to help graduate student or the budding scientist.budding scientist.A scientific paper is,by A scientific paper is,by definition,a particular kind of docume
27、nt containing definition,a particular kind of document containing certain specified kinds of information.A scientific certain specified kinds of information.A scientific paper“demands exactly the same qualities of paper“demands exactly the same qualities of thought as are needed for the rest of scie
28、nce:logic,thought as are needed for the rest of science:logic,clarity,and precision.”If the graduate student or clarity,and precision.”If the graduate student or the budding scientist(and even some of those the budding scientist(and even some of those scientists who have already published many scien
29、tists who have already published many papers)can fully grasp the significance of this papers)can fully grasp the significance of this definition,the writing task should be a good deal definition,the writing task should be a good deal easier.easier.2/20/20232/20/20231818NO.4IMRAD,an acronym for Intro
30、duction,IMRAD,an acronym for Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results,and Materials and Methods,Results,and Discussion,is the most popular pattern for Discussion,is the most popular pattern for scientific paper.scientific paper.2/20/20232/20/20231919NO.5Generally speaking,IMRAD is the best choice
31、for Generally speaking,IMRAD is the best choice for scientific papers reporting laboratory studies.There scientific papers reporting laboratory studies.There are,of course,exceptions.For example,reports of are,of course,exceptions.For example,reports of field studies in the earth sciences and clinic
32、al case field studies in the earth sciences and clinical case reports in the medical sciences do not readily lend reports in the medical sciences do not readily lend themselves to this kind of organization.If a number of themselves to this kind of organization.If a number of methods were used to ach
33、ieve directly related results,methods were used to achieve directly related results,it might be desirable to combine the Materials and it might be desirable to combine the Materials and Methods and the Results into an integrated Methods and the Results into an integrated“Experimental”section.In addi
34、tion,many primary“Experimental”section.In addition,many primary journals publish“Notes”or“Short Communications”,in journals publish“Notes”or“Short Communications”,in which the IMRAD organization is abridged.which the IMRAD organization is abridged.2/20/20232/20/20232020NO.6Both scientists and editor
35、s should work on a Both scientists and editors should work on a system of reporting data this is uniform,system of reporting data this is uniform,concise,and readily understandable.To concise,and readily understandable.To determine how to organize research papers,determine how to organize research p
36、apers,scientists will need to refer to the scientists will need to refer to the Instructions to Authors of their target Instructions to Authors of their target journal and bear in mind that without journal and bear in mind that without publication,science is dead.publication,science is dead.2/20/202
37、32/20/20232121Further reading1.1.immersionimmersion2.2.increased/extendedincreased/extended3.3.tenure-tracktenure-track4.4.veteransveterans5.5.autonomyautonomy6.6.labslabs7.7.flexibilityflexibility8.8.Pilot Pilot 2/20/20232/20/20232222E-Cn n科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，就应该立即得到认可，而不允许有任何
38、可能的讨就应该立即得到认可，而不允许有任何可能的讨论。论。这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中，这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中，但是基本上不和情理。要知道，科学不是一种信但是基本上不和情理。要知道，科学不是一种信条，也不是神灵向人类的揭示物。它是人类思维条，也不是神灵向人类的揭示物。它是人类思维的产物，因此是可以讨论和修正的。科学绝无绝的产物，因此是可以讨论和修正的。科学绝无绝对真理，通常只有相对性。对真理，通常只有相对性。2/20/20232/20/20232323E-Cn n它以人的观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行逻它以人的观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行逻辑性的总结，然而人的观
39、察和经验总是有限的而辑性的总结，然而人的观察和经验总是有限的而且缺少一定的精确性。至于那些用来对经验事实且缺少一定的精确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物。我们进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物。我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果，而忽略选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自己许多不符合我们自己“逻辑逻辑”的事实。这种相当的事实。这种相当人为的选择结果是我们自己的事情。对此，我们人为的选择结果是我们自己的事情。对此，我们非常得意，以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该非常得意，以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该被当做被当做“自然规律自然规律”来对待
40、。来对待。2/20/20232/20/20232424C-En nA branch of science deals with a class of A branch of science deals with a class of things,the changes in the members of the things,the changes in the members of the class,and the relations between these class,and the relations between these members.Thus the ideal fo
41、rm of a natural members.Thus the ideal form of a natural science is the same as that of science is the same as that of mathematics.The objective in a natural mathematics.The objective in a natural science is to discover relations which science is to discover relations which assert that when an event
42、 P is present in a assert that when an event P is present in a situation,then the event Q is also present.situation,then the event Q is also present.2/20/20232/20/20232525C-En nAs a branch of science advances from a As a branch of science advances from a descriptive and qualitative stage to one desc
43、riptive and qualitative stage to one where the relations can be expressed in a where the relations can be expressed in a quantitative and explanatory manner,the quantitative and explanatory manner,the science assumes a mathematical form.science assumes a mathematical form.Astronomy at one time was a
44、 descriptive Astronomy at one time was a descriptive science,but the work of Kepler and Newton science,but the work of Kepler and Newton established the foundations,by means of established the foundations,by means of which the laws of the motions of the which the laws of the motions of the heavenly
45、bodies could be expressed heavenly bodies could be expressed mathematically.mathematically.2/20/20232/20/20232626C-EIt is in this sense that mathematics is It is in this sense that mathematics is sometimes called the language of science.sometimes called the language of science.The hypothetical propo
46、sitions of mathematics The hypothetical propositions of mathematics are called into play when the generalizations are called into play when the generalizations of science take on a quantitative form and of science take on a quantitative form and frequently suggest new experiments;while,frequently su
47、ggest new experiments;while,on the other hand,complexities in observed on the other hand,complexities in observed data of science stimulate the development of data of science stimulate the development of mathematics and broaden its foundation.mathematics and broaden its foundation.2/20/20232/20/20232727Topics for research and presentation1.Ethics in research1.Ethics in research2.Major journals in your field2.Major journals in your field3.Modern Language Association(MLA)3.Modern Language Association(MLA)format for papersformat for papers2/20/20232/20/20232828