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1、2021 届临沂市第八中学高三英语第二次联考试卷及答案 第一部分 阅读（共两节，满分 40 分）第一节（共 15 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项 A My wife Hilary andI were on the beach,with three of our children,taking pictures of shore birds near our home in Alaska when we saw a bear.The bear was thin and small,moving aimlessly.Just
2、 a few minutes later,I heard my daughter shouting,“Dad!The bear is right behind us!An aggressive bear will usually rush forward to frighten away its enemy but would suddenly stop at the last minute.This one was silent and its ears pinned back the sign of an animal that is going in for the kill.And i
3、t was a cold April day.Thebear behaved abnormally,probably because of hunger.I held my camera tripod(三脚架)in both hands to form a barrier as the bear rushed into me.Its huge head was level with my chest and shoulders,and the tripod stuck across its mouth.It bit down and I found myself supporting its
4、weight.I knew 1 would not be able to hold it for long.Even so,this was a fight I had to win:I was all that stood between the bear and my family,who would stand little chance of running faster than a brown bear.The bear hit at the camera,cutting it off the tripod.I raised my left arm to protect my fa
5、ce;the beast held tightly on the tripod and pressed it into my side.My arm could not move,and I sensed that my bones were going to break.Drawing back my free hand,I struck the bear as hard as I could for five to six times.The bear opened its mouth and I grasped its fur,trying to push it away.I was a
6、ctually wrestling with the bear at this point.Then,as suddenly as it had begun,the fight ended.The bear moved back towards-the forest,before returning for another attack the first time I felt panic.Obviously satisfied that we caused no further threat,the bear moved off,destroying a fence as it went.
7、My arm was injured,but the outcome for us could hardly have been better.Im proud that my family remained clear-headed when panic could have led to a very different outcome.1.How did the writer feel when faced with the brown bear?A.Fearful but confident.B.Nervous but brave.C.Upset but determined.D.Aw
8、ful but hopeful.2.The bear finally went away after it A.got injured B.felt safe C.found some food D.took away the camera 3.What does the author want to tell us?A.We should keep calm when troubles come B.We should rise to the challenge when faced with difficulties.C.We should not risk ourselves in so
9、me dangerous areas.D.We should learn to take advantage of anything at hand when in trouble.B The Great Barrier Reefs outlook remains“very poor”despite coral(珊瑚)recovery over the past year,Australian government scientistssaid Monday,just days before a UNESCO ruling on the sites world heritage(遗产)stat
10、us.The United Nations cultural agency recommended last month that the worlds largest reef(珊瑚礁)system be placed on its endangered list because of damage to the corals largely caused by climate change.The Australian Institute of Marine Science(AIMS)said the corals were now in a“recovery window”after a
11、 decade of harmful heat stress and cyclones(旋风).But such opportunities were becoming rarer due to the influence ofclimate change,the government agency,which has monitored the reef for 35 years,said in its annual report released today.“The increasing emergence of climate-related extreme weather event
12、s and starfish outbreaks is causing more severe and frequent pressures,giving the reef fewer opportunities like this to recover,”CEO Paul Hardisty said.The scientists surveyed 127 reef sites in 2021 and found hard coral cover had increased at 69 of the 81 locations surveyed in the past two years.Sep
13、arate scientific research released last October found the 2,300-kilometre(1,400 miles)system had lost half its corals since 1995,with a series of ocean heatwaves causing mass coral death.Britta Schaffelke,research program director at AIMS,said the latest findings provided a slight hope that the reef
14、 still has the power of recovering.But she added that its future is still very poor because of the dangers of climate change and other factors that are affecting the reef.UNESCO has urged Australia to take urgent climate action but the government has long resisted calls to commit to net zero emissio
15、ns(排放)by 2050.The government has said it hopes to meet the target“as soon as possible”without harming its economy,insisting dealing with climate change requires a global effort.The reef was worth about US$4.8 billion a year in tourism for the Australian economy and there are fears that an“in danger”
16、listing could weaken its tourist appeal.4.What is the major cause of the damage to the corals?A.The climate change.B.Lack of money.C.Over development.D.Too many tourists.5.What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?A.The result of the survey.B.The efforts AIMS has made.C.The slight chance of the rec
17、overy.D.The terrible situation of the climate.6.What is Britta Schaffelkes attitude towards the future of the reef?A.Unclear.B.Positive.C Intolerant.D.Anxious.7.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.Australia wants to put the reef on the endangered list.B.The Australian government has ignored
18、UNESCOs demand.C.Australia hopes to keep a balance between emission target and its economy.D.The Australian government refuses to take its share of responsibility of climate change.C Why isnt science better?Look at career incentive(激励).There are oftensubstantial gaps between the idealized and actual
19、 versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good.Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents.Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis.And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most
20、 rigorous and skeptical of methods.All too often,however,what should be just isnt so.In a number of scientific fields,published findings turn out not toreplicate(复制),or to have smaller effects than,what was initially claimed.Plenty of science does replicate meaning the experiments turn out the same
21、way when you repeat them-but the amount that doesnt is too much for comfort.But there are also waysin which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong.Running studies with small samples,mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiments results after the fact are ju
22、st some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.Its not like we dont know how to do better.Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades.Unfortunately,their advice often falls ondeaf ears.Why?Why arent scientific methods better than they are?I
23、n a word:incentives.But perhaps not in the way you think.In the 1970s,psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making.For example,when public schools are evaluated by students performance on standardized tests,teachers respond
24、 by teaching“to the test”.In turn,the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.We can see this principleoften summarized as“when a measure becomes a target,it ceases to be a good measure”playing out in the realm of research.Science is a competitive enterprise.T
25、here are far more credentialed(授以证书的)scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions.Once someone acquires a research position,there is additional competition for tenure grant funding,and support and placement for graduate students.Due t
26、o this competition for resources,scientists must be evaluated and compared.How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?An oft-used metric is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals,as well as the status of those journals.Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare r
27、esearchers whose work may otherwise be quite different.Unfortunately,this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals,we might expect them to actively try to game the system.And certainly,some doas seen in recent high-
28、profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈).If malicious fraud is the prime concern,then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.However,most scientists are,I believe,genuinely interested in learning about the world,and honest.The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms w
29、ithout any intention on the part of individuals.8.Which of the following is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field?A.Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.B.The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.C.Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experime
30、nts results.D.The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.9.What doesdeaf earsin the fourth paragraph probably refer to?A.The public.B.The incentive initiators.C.The peer researchers.D.The high-impact journal editors.10.Which of the following does the author probably agree with?A.Good sc
31、ientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.B.Competition for resources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.C.All the credentialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.D.The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitte
32、rly exploited.11.According to the author,what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?A.High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.B.The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.C.Researchers are motivat
33、ed to get actively involved in gaming the current system.D.Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.D Each year,the women of Olney and Liberal compete in an unusual footrace.Dressed in aprons(围裙)and headscarves,they wait at both townsstarting lines.Each woma
34、n holds a frying pan with one pancake inside.At the signal,the women flip(轻抛)pancakes and theyre off!This“pancake racing”tradition is said to have started on Shrove Tuesday,1445,in Olney.Shrove Tuesday is the day beforethe Christian season of Lent(大斋戒)begins.During Lent,many people decide to give up
35、 sugary or fatty foods.Legend says that in 1445,an Olney woman was making pancakes to use up some of her sugar and cooking fats before Lent.She lost track of time and suddenly heard the church bells ring,signaling the beginning of the Shrove Tuesday service.Realizing that she was going to be late fo
36、r church,she raced out the door still wearing her apron and headscarf and holding her frying pan with a pancake in it.In the following years,the womans neighbors imitated her dash to church,and pancake racing was born.The rules are simple.Racers must wear the traditional headscarf and apron.They mus
37、t flip their pancakes twice-once before starting and once after crossing the finish line.After the race,there are Shrove Tuesday church services.Then Liberal and Olney connect through a video call to compare race times and declare a winner.In both towns,the races have grown into larger festivals.Oln
38、eys festival is an all-day event starting with a big pancake breakfast.Liberals festival lasts four days and includes a parade,a talent show,and contests that feature eating and flipping pancakes.Although the womens race is still the main event,both towns now hold additional races for boys and girls
39、 of all ages.12.How did pancake racing start?A.A woman in Olney created it.B.Women made pancakes before Lent.C.A woman dashed to church with a pancake.D.People followed the suit of an interesting incident.13.What should racers obey during the race?A.They can wear fashionable headscarves and aprons.B
40、.They must flip their pancakes once in the race.C.They must flip their pancakes at the beginning of the race.D.They can flip their pancakes in the middle of the race.14.What can we learn about the race from the last paragraph?A.People can show their talent in Olney festival.B.People can enjoy a one-
41、day holiday in Liberal.C.The race is not only intended for women now.D.People can have a big pancake breakfast in both towns.15.What is the text mainly about?A.The origin of pancake racing.B.The history of pancake racing.C.The development of pancake racing.D.The introduction to pancake racing.第二节（共
42、5 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 10 分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项 How to Start a Friendship To increase the chances that a friendship will grow,children need to express openness to others.A very basic way to show openness is to exchange greetings with kids around them._16_If another child says Hi!to th
43、em,they usually look away or say nothing because they feel awkward and shy.But they are giving the other child the impression that I dont like you,and leave me alone!Actually,thats not how they feel,although thats what theyre showing.On the other hand,some outgoing children may go so far that they k
44、eep greeting anyone even if the other children feel uncomfortable with this behavior.It doesnt open the door for friendship._17_ Praising is another easy way to show openness to friendship.Everyone feels good to receive a sincere praise,and usually likes people who are kind enough to notice his best
45、 side!_18_It could mean lending a pencil to a classmate,saving him a seat,helping him carry something,or sharing a lunch treat.Kindness leads more kindness and its one of the best ways to begin a friendship.It is true that kind children are better liked by the other kids.But if they try to buy frien
46、dship with money or expensive gifts,it will never work._19_ Showing openness just opens a door to friendship._20_To increase the chances that a friendship will grow,children need to send their friendship invitations to kids who might come in.A.Actually,it shuts the door.B.However,shy children often
47、have trouble with this.C.Instead,it is to show weakness rather than kindness.D.Expressing openness to others opens the door to friendship.E.But it doesnt guarantee that anyone will walk through that door.F.Small kindnesses can also be a good way to send invitation for friendship.G.Extend their frien
48、dship invitations to the right kids who want to come in.第二部分 语言运用（共两节，满分 45 分）第一节（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 30 分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项 Menninger took the hard way to climb Everestthe worlds tallest peak_21_hike it up,he decided to climb as a non-native Everest porter(挑夫),which meant_2
49、2_packs weighing up to 220 pounds along rough,high altitude trails(小路).Menninger came up with such a(n)_23_after spending a season as a guide inNepal,and becoming_24_with life of these porters.“My goal was to have the same experience”,he explains.The physical and emotional_25_of the jobis laid_26_as
50、 Menninger is filmed struggling with a pack consisting of multiple bags tied together,_27_trying to sleep at night in crowded freezing porter houses.A typical day_28_waking up at around 7:30 am and going to the clients hotel to_29_their bags and beginning to trek(长途跋涉).Porters have to_30_for their o