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1、工程材料及成型技术基础考试题目 一、填空 1、常见的金属晶体结构:体心立方晶格、面心立方晶格、密排立方晶格。2、晶体缺陷可分为:点缺陷、线缺陷、面缺陷。3、点缺陷包括:空位、间隙原子、置换原子。线缺陷包括:位错。位错的最基本的形式是:刃型位错、螺型位错。面缺陷包括:晶界、亚晶界。4、合金的相结构可分为:固溶体、化合物。5、弹性极限:e 屈服极限:s 抗拉强度:b 弹性模量:E 6、低碳钢的应力应变曲线有四个变化阶段:弹性阶段、屈服阶段、抗拉阶段(强化阶段)、颈缩阶段。7、洛氏硬度 HRC 压印头类型:120?金刚石圆锥、总压力:1471N 或 150kg 、疲劳强度表示材料经无数次交变载荷作用
2、而不致引起断裂的最大应力值。8 9、冲击韧度用在冲击力作用下材料破坏时单位面积所吸收的能量来表示。10、过冷度影响金属结晶时的 形核率和长大速度。11、以纯铁为例 Fe 为体心立方晶格(912?以下)Fe 为面心立方晶格(1394?以下)、Fe 为体心立方晶格(1538?以下)12、热处理中，冷却方式有两种，一是连续冷却，二是等温冷却。13、单晶体的塑性变形主要通过 滑移 和 孪生 两种方式进行。14、利用再结晶退火消除加工硬化现象。15、冷变形金属在加热时的组织和性能发生变化、将依次发生回复、再结晶和晶粒长大。16、普通热处理分为:退火、正火、淬火、回火。17、退火可分为:完全退火、球化退火
3、、扩撒退火、去应力退火。18、调质钢 含碳量一般为中碳、热处理为淬火+高温回火。19 高速钢的淬火温度一般不超过 1300?、高速钢的淬火后经 550570?三次回火。三次回火的目的:提高耐回火性，为钢获得高硬度和高热硬性提供了保证。回火马氏体、合金碳化物、少量残余奥氏体。高速钢的淬火回火后的组织是:20、铸铁的分类及牌号表示方法。P142 分类 石墨形状 铸铁组织 铸铁牌号及表示方法 由代号加数字构成。H、Q、Ru、基体 石墨 K、T 分别为灰、球、蠕、可、灰铸铁 片状 F 或 F+P 或 P 片状 HT 铁的汉语拼音字首，第一组数球墨铸铁 球状 F 或 F+P 或 P 球状 QT 字表示最
4、低抗拉强度，第二组蠕墨铸铁 蠕虫状 F 或 F+P 或 P 蠕虫状 RuT 表示最低伸长率。可锻铸铁 团絮状 P 或 F 团絮状 KTH(z)二、名词解释 1、点缺陷:是一种在三维空间各个方向上尺寸都很小，尺寸范围约为一个或几个原子间距 的缺陷。包括空位、间隙原子、置换原子等。2、线缺陷:是指三维空间中在两维方向上尺寸较小，在另一维方向尺寸相对较大的缺陷。属于这类型缺陷的主要是各种类型的位错。3、面缺陷:是指三维空间中在一维方向上尺寸很小，另外两维方向上尺寸很大的缺陷。常 晶界、亚晶界。见的面缺陷是金属中的 4、相:所谓相是指合金中具有相同的物理、化学性能，并与该系统的其余部分以界面分开 的物
5、理部分。5、同素异构转变:同种金属体材料中，不同类型晶体结构之间的转变称为同素异构转变。6、匀晶相图:两组元在液态和固态中均为无限互溶最后形成单相固溶体的相图称为匀晶相 图。如 CuAu、AuAg、FeCr 和 WMo 等合金系相图都是匀晶相图。(L?)7、共晶相图:两组元在液态无限互溶，在固态有限溶解(或不溶)，并在结晶时发生共晶 转变所构成的相图称为二元 共晶相图。(L?+)8、包晶相图:两组元在液态下无限互溶，在固态有限溶解，并在结晶时发生包晶转变的相 图，称为包晶相图。(L+?)9、冷作硬化:金属经过冷态下的塑性变形后其性能发生很大的变化，最明显的特点是强度 随变形程度的增大而大为提高
6、，其塑性却随之有较大的降低，这种现象称为 形变强化。(加工硬化、冷作硬化)10、热处理:是金属材料在固态下，通过适当的方式进行加热、保温和冷却，改变材料内部 组织结构，从而改善材料性能的一种工艺方法，也称之为金属材料的改性处 理。11、退火:是将钢加热到预定温度，保温一定时间后缓慢冷却(通常随炉冷却)，获得接近 于平衡组织的热处理工艺。12、正火:正火是将钢加热到 Ac3(亚共析钢)或 Accm(共析钢和过共析钢)以上3050?，保温适当时间后在静止空气中冷却的热处理工艺。13、淬火:是将钢加热到 Ac3 或 Ac1 以上 30 50?，经过保温后在冷却介质中迅速冷却的 热处理工艺。14、回火
7、;就是把经过淬火的零件重新加热到低于 Ac1 的某一温度,适当保温后，冷却的室 温的热处理工艺。15、调质处理:淬火和高温回火相结合的热处理方法称为调质处理。16、铸造:是将液态金属或合金浇注到与零件的形状，尺寸相适应的铸型内，待其冷却凝固 后，获得毛坯或零件的方法。17、塑性加工:利用金属材料在外力作用下所产生的塑性变形，获得所需产品的加工方法称 为塑性加工。18、焊接:是一种永久性连接金属材料的工艺方法，焊接过程的实质是利用加热或加压等手 段，借助金属原子的结合与扩散作用，使分离的金属材料牢固地连接起来。三、问答题 1、晶粒大小如何控制,答:方法有三种?增加过冷度?变质处理?机械振动、超声
8、波振动、电磁搅拌等。2、过冷奥氏体的转变可分为哪几种基本类型,各种类型的组织分别是什么,答:过冷奥氏体的转变可分三种 珠光体型转变(扩撒型转变):普通片状珠光体(P)、索氏体(S)、托氏体(T)。贝氏体型转变(过渡型或半扩撒型转变):上贝氏体(B 上)、下贝氏体(B 下)。?马氏体型转变(无扩撒型转变):板条状马氏体、片状马氏体。(钢中出现何种形态的马氏体主要取决于含碳量)3、球化退火的定义及主要适用于什么情况，主要目的是什么,答:(1)球化退火是将钢加热到 Ac1 以上 1030?，保温较长时间后以及其缓慢的速度冷却 到 600?以下，再出炉空冷的热处理工艺。(2)主要适用于共析和过共析钢及
9、合金工具钢的退火，使钢中的网状二次渗碳体和珠光体 中的片状渗碳体球化，降低材料硬度，改切削加工 性能，并可减小最终淬火变形和开裂，为以后的热处理做准备。(3)目的是为了使珠光体中的渗碳体变为球状，降低硬度，提高塑性，大大有利于冷拔、冷冲压等冷变形加工。4、亚共析钢和过共析钢淬火温度为什么不能过高又为什么不能过低,答:(1)亚共析钢的淬火温度为 Ac3+(30-50)?。淬火后的组织为均匀细小的马氏体。如果加热温度过高，将导致马氏体晶粒粗大并引起工件变形;如果加热温度过低(Ac3)，淬火组织为马氏体和铁素体，严重影响淬火钢的整体性能，造成强度和硬 度不足。(2)过共析钢的淬火温度为 Ac1+(3
10、0-50)?。淬火后的组织为均匀细小的马氏体和粒 状二次渗碳体，有利于增加钢的硬度和耐磨性。如果加热温度过高，则二次渗碳体 将全部溶入奥氏体，使马氏体转变温度降低，淬火组织中残余奥氏体增多，而粒状 渗碳体减少，使钢的硬度和耐磨性降低，并增加变形和开裂的倾向。、铸铁性能特点,5 答:(1)力学性能低，铸铁的抗拉强度和塑性都较低，这是由于石墨对钢基体的割裂作用和 所引用的应力集中效应造成。(2)耐磨性和消振性好，是因为铸铁中的石墨有利于润滑及贮油。(3)工艺性能好，由于铸铁含碳量高，接近共晶成分，熔点比钢低，因而铸铁流动性好。6、指出下列合金钢的类型、用途、碳和合金元素的主要作用及热处理特点,(1
11、)40CrNiMo;(2)60Si2Mn;(3)9SiCr;(4)65Mn.答:(1)40CrNiMo 类型:调质钢;用途:齿轮 C:中碳 大多在 0.4%左右;含碳过低影响钢的强度，过高则刃性不足。Cr、Ni:提高淬透性，耐回火性，强化基体，提高屈强比。Mo:阻止第二类回火脆性。热处理特点:采用调质处理，将淬火和高温回火相结合的热处理方法，处理后的组织为回火索氏体，具有良好的综合力学性能。(2)60Si2Mn 类型:弹簧钢;用途:机车板簧、测力弹簧等 C:中高碳(0.45%0.85%)含碳量过高时，塑性、韧性降低，疲劳强度下降。Si、Mn:提高淬透性，耐回火性，强化基体，提高屈强比。热处理特
12、点:淬火加中温回火，处理后的组织为回火托氏体。具有高高弹性 极限、屈服点和屈强比，并具有足够的韧性。(3)9SiCr 类型:合金工具钢;用途:板牙、丝锥、绞刀、搓丝板、冷冲模 C:高碳(0.65%1.35%)保证高硬度和高耐磨性，若要兼顾耐冲击性能，含碳量取下限;若要强调耐磨性则含碳量取上限。Si、Cr:可提高钢的淬透性和耐回火性，强化铁素体。热处理特点:正常淬火加低温回火，热处理后的组织为回火马氏体、未溶碳化 物和残余奥氏体。具有高硬度、高耐磨性和一定的韧性。(4)65Mn 类型:弹簧钢 用途:弹簧、阀簧 C:中高碳(0.45%0.85%)含碳量过高时，塑性、韧性降低，疲劳强度下降。Mn:提
13、高淬透性，耐回火性，强化基体，提高屈强比。热处理特点:淬火加中温回火，处理后的组织为回火托氏体。具有高高弹性 极限、屈服点和屈强比，并具有足够的韧性。7、P160(6-5)热处理工序的主要作用,指出最终组织是什么,杆类零件加工工艺路线:下料?锻造?退火?机加工?淬火+高温回火?机加工 答:退火的目的是为了改善锻造组织，细化晶粒;降低硬度，便于切削加工，为调质处理作 组织准备。在 840+10?加热，油淬，经(540+10?)回火(水冷)防止第二次回火脆性;其组织为回火索氏体;硬度为 3080HRC。四、看图回答问题 1、铁碳合金相图 P46 (1)、五个重要的成份点:P:0.0218%、碳在
14、Fe 中的最大溶解度;S:0.77%、共析点;E:2.11%、碳在 Fe 中的最大溶解度;C:4.3%、共晶点;K:6.69%渗碳体。(2)、四条重要的线:ECF:共晶线 ES:Acm 线 GS:A3 线 PSK:共析线又称 A1 线 PQ:碳在铁素铁中的固溶线(3)、三个重要转变:包晶转变反应式:L+A 共晶转变反应式:LA+Fe3C 共析转变反应式:AF+Fe3C (4)、二个重要温度:ECF 1148?、PSK727?。(5)、公式:F+Fe3C?P(珠光体)A+Fe3C?Ld(高温莱氏体)种类 工业纯钢 白口铸铁 铁 亚共析钢 共析钢 过共析钢 亚共晶白口铸铁 共晶 过共晶白口铸铁 含
15、碳量 0.0218 0.02180.77 0.77 0.772.11 2.114.3 4.3 4.36.69 平衡组织 3C?P+FeF P+F P Fe3C?+P+Ld Ld Ld+Fe3CI 2、共析碳钢连续冷却转变 P57(图 2.45)V1 炉冷 P V2 空冷 S V3 油冷 T+M+A V4 水冷 M+A 3、各种淬火方法示意 P81(图 4.10)1 单介质淬火法 2 双介质淬火法 3 马氏体分级淬火方法 4 贝氏体等温淬火法 4、铸铁壁之间避免锐角连接 不合理 合理 5、铸件壁或筋的连接形式 6、尽量避免锥面或斜面结构 不合理 合理 7、避免空间相贯曲线 不合理 合理 P 23
16、8(图 8.47)8、P 272(图 9.39)焊接分散布置的设计 9、P272(图 9.41)焊缝避开最大应力断面与应力集中位置的设计(英文版)Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions,the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan,implementation in accordance with the rules and
17、discipline to manage the party,strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives.The two regulations supporting each other,the adhere to a positive advocate,focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see,enough to get a high standard;around the party discipline,disci
18、plinary ruler requirements,listed as negative list,focusing on vertical gauge,draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line.Here,the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation:the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and th
19、e revision process;the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party;the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems;the fourth part on how to grasp the implem
20、entation of the two regulations of the party.and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus.Two p
21、arty regulations revision work lasted a Years,pooling the wisdom of the whole party,ideological consensus,draw historical experience,respect for the wisdom of our predecessors,which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation;follow the correct direction,grasp the limited goals,adhere to the pa
22、rtys leadership,to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem.The new revision of the and,reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third,the spirit of the fourth plenary session,reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping ser
23、ies of important speech,reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice.(a)revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised,the promulgation and implementation of January 2010,to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role
24、.But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening,has not been able to fully meet the actual needs.Content is too complicated,eight prohibition,52 are not allowed to hard to remember,and also difficult to put into practice;the second is concisely positive advocated by the
25、lack of prohibited provisions excessive,no autonomy requirements;the third is banned terms and discipline law,both with the party discipline,disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat;the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent,not for the existing p
26、roblems,and is narrow,only needle of county-level leading cadres above.is in 1997 based on revision,in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation,to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role.Along with the development of the situation,which many provisions have been un
27、able to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs.One is Ji law,more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition;two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent,not specific,for violation of the party cons
28、titution,damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue;third is the main discipline for the leading cadres,does not cover all Party members.Based on the above situation,need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first
29、amendment.By revising,really put the authority of Party discipline,the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness.(II)two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist
30、 Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision.Xi Jinping,general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,on the revised regulations made clear instructions.According to the central deployment,the Ce
31、ntral Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision.The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised.Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision,amendment clari
32、fies the direction,major issues of principle,path and target,respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province(area)secretary of the Party committee,Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission,part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is m
33、ainly responsible for people,views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members.Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,on 7 September 2015,the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces(auto
34、nomous regions,municipalities)Party,the central ministries and commissions,state ministries and commissions of the Party(party),the General Political Department of the military,every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion.Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of ex
35、tensive solicitation of opinions,careful study,attracting,formed a revised sent reviewers.In October 8 and October 12,Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft.On October 18,the Cen
36、tral Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations.Can say,two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party,embodies the party.Second,and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen,ten eight plena
37、ry,the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and,highlighting the ruling party characteristics,serious discipline,the discipline quite in front of the law,based on the current,a long-term,advance
38、as a whole,with Bu Xiuding independent and.Main principle is:first,adhere to the party constitution to follow.The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific,awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness,maintaining the authority of the constitution.Gen
39、eral Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules,no side round.Party constitution is the fundamental law,the party must follow the general rules.In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee,Xi Jinping
40、 again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules,but also the general rules.the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow,the cons
41、titution authority set up,wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline,the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements.4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party.The Party of rule of virtue
42、 de,mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs,excellent traditional style.The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline,insisting on the positive initiative,for all members,highlight the vital few,emphasized self-discipline,focusing on the morality,and the majority of Party members and
43、the ideological and moral standards.The revised Ji method separately,Ji,Ji Yan to Method,as a negative list,emphasizing the heteronomy,focusing on vertical gauge.Is this one high and one low,a positive reaction,the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of th
44、e whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements,for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler.Third,insist on to.In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage,the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline
45、 and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined,especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules,organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions
46、.Not one pace reachs the designated position,focusing on in line with reality,pragmatic and effective.After the revision of major changes,major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems(a)adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combin
47、ation,for at the present stage,the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline,put forward principles,requirements and specifications,showing Communists noble moral pursuit,reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high
48、 from low 5 common requirements.One is closely linked to the self-discipline,removal and no direct relation to the provisions of.the second is adhere to a positive advocate,eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment.Three is fo
49、r all the party members,will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members,fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required.The fourth is prominent key minority,seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key,and put forward higher
50、requirements than the ordinary Party members.Five is to simplify,and strive to achieve concise,easy to understand,easy to remember.The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms,moral declaration issued to all members