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1、写意花鸟画主要笔墨技法 1(执笔方法 食指，中指与拇指相对握住笔杆，无名指也小指相叠与后，以无名指第一关节向外砥住笔杆，总体要求是:指实，掌虚，肩松，壁通。2(运笔方法 主要靠指与腕的配合。无论动作的大小，都要以腕力为主，用笔才能生动。3(用笔技法 笔法分执笔，用锋，用笔。用笔方法有提，按，转，折，顿，挫，轻，重，快，慢等。用锋的主要方法:(1)中锋:适用于勾勒，表现厚重实在的物象。(2)侧锋:痕迹薄而快，适用于画竹叶，翅膀等。(3)逆锋:适用于画树干，藤蔓以及石头等粗糙的东西。(4)顺锋:适合画草本，花卉的叶，茎等。(5)散锋:适合表现蓬松的羽毛，树石等。用笔技法主要有勾，皴，擦，染，点等，
2、是物体的常用主要表现方法。(1)点染法:要注意的有:转折顿挫，轻重干湿快慢。以点的各种形态塑造形象 勾染法:分先勾后染，先染后勾(2)是以线表现物体的画法。除了造型的需要外，要要讲究线条的流畅。(3)衬托法:在矿物性颜料周围以植物行颜料来衬托突出。(4)立粉法:用矿物性颜料不沾水而干后突出，主要用于高光。4(用墨技法 墨分六色，焦浓重淡轻，注意“计白当黑 用墨技法主要有渗墨法，破墨法，泼墨法，积墨法四种。(1)渗墨法:笔上含水量较大，落笔后渗化出墨晕的效果。(2)破墨法:第一次墨未干时复加一次墨，可浓破淡，或淡破浓，产生浓淡互渗的效果。(3)泼墨法:大面积的墨一次性同时运用与纸上，有畅快淋漓之
3、感。(4)积墨法:第一次墨干后，在加画第二次墨，可层层加叠，先淡后浓。中国花鸟画有数千年的历史，早在新石器时期，河南临汝出土彩陶中的花鸟画已简洁概括地表现出独特意境，时代的衍变，花鸟画日见规范，五代、宋元之后已渐渐地形成了一个独立的画种，特别是文人对绘画的介入，“以意为之”配之于诗文、书印，使花鸟更为完善，意境的表达、笔墨的挥写、写意的花鸟画成了一代新风，今天它越来越显示出强大的生命力和艺术的感染力。写意花鸟画的分类较多，主要有兼工带写、小写意、大写意、水墨写意、没骨写意等，一般在生宣纸上着色落墨，也有在生绢、熟绢、熟纸上纸画。工 (一)兼工带写:是指工笔与写意之间相互和谐的作画方法，画面工整
4、、或粗或细、或勾勒与泼墨结合，严谨中见洒脱、沉着而明快，现 代画家齐白石常用此方法。(二)小写意:是用写意的笔法，经营工整、点缀精到、勾勒不像工笔 刻意，结构条理较清楚，在生宣纸、生绢本上作画。熟纸、熟绢 亦有。小写意最难做到的是工整而不呆板，所谓近看其质，远视 其势，小笔头见大境界，近代画家任伯年是姣姣者。(三)大写意:是写意画技法中最为豪放，最为洒脱的一种绘画，分为 泼墨写意和大笔写意，技法难度最高，它要求概括、提炼、集中 内容的精神面貌，以简胜繁，不求小节而寓意深远，结合书法、诗文、印章融为一体，是一种极高的艺术形式。“八大山人”、“扬州八家”、吴昌硕等是杰出的代表。写意花鸟画从宋代的文
5、人画、元代的水墨写意、明清的写意画派近、现代文人写意画，无论形式还是内容，都在继承和发展的过程中存在的，与时代息息相应，审美的观念与情趣技法都有时代的烙印，小观个人的风格，大到时代的特色都有它内在的联系，我们学习写意花鸟画的过程中，应该领略各时期、各类画派画家的表现形式和技法。了解写意花鸟画的精神实质，继承发扬光大。笔、墨、纸、砚和颜料 (一)毛笔，是写意花鸟画的主要工具之一，它有三种类型，硬、兼、软。硬笔中有狼毫、紫毫、山马毫、猪毫等，其性能在使用时能达到挺、健、力，硬度强，弹性好，出水快而含水少的特点，一般在勾勒，画挺健的物体时硬笔最为理想，如兰、竹、松针等画法用得较多。软笔有羊毫、羊须、
6、兔毫、鸡毫等，其性能在使用时能达到厚、韧、柔，含水多韵味足的特点，特别在点缀柔和的花朵或厚重的叶子是最好的工具，也是写意花鸟画中必不可少的工具。再一种是兼毫，有狼毫结合羊毫的白云笔、鸡羊笔、紫羊笔等，其性能柔中带刚，适用勾勒点缀等。软、硬毛笔的使用因人而异，我们在学习过程中摸索适合自己需要的才是最好的。(二)墨，主要分为松烟和油烟两类，松烟较少质粗无光泽，偶尔作画，另有一番风味，油烟质细有光亮之感，是作画的上乘之品。现在我们用墨汁作画很多，“中华”、“一得阁”、“曹素功”等墨汁，色泽墨韵都很好，如在砚上加水再磨，混合用，有韵而不浮，清中见厚的效果，则更为理想。隔夜之墨为宿墨，初学者亦可尝试。(
7、三)纸，写意花鸟画用纸最多的是宣纸，而宣纸最受好评的是安徽宣城泾县所产的宣纸。根据个人爱好、方便和使用习惯，四川的夹江宣、浙江的龙游宣、临安宣、富阳宣、温州皮纸、云南的土皮纸、山西麻纸及朝鲜的高丽纸，均可作写意花鸟画。小幅写意花鸟画用棉料单宣较好，水份和墨韵都很有效果，但较难掌握。夹宣、玉版、净皮等也是好的纸料，只要色泽玉白、墨色亮、化、留程度好均可，云母、豆浆宣、虎皮宣等是熟纸类，写意花鸟画用得少，但我们可以尝试不同的纸张和品种，了解纸张的性能，同时掌握笔墨技法。(四)砚，砚石品类很多，有石砚、玉砚、砖砚等，一般常用的是石砚，我国有四大名砚(广东端砚、安徽翕砚、甘肃洮砚、山西澄砚)均为石砚。
8、作画用砚，以石质细润、坚韧、发墨好而不吸水的为上，我们现在用的江西玉山的罗纹砚，价兼物美，特别是圆形状的，可盛墨可磨墨的砚台最为实在。(五)颜料，中国画的颜料别具一格，古雅沉着，研丽而细润，一般是从自然界所提取的，中国画颜料分为三类，植物类、矿物类和化学类。植物色(花青、胭脂、藤黄、牡丹红等)，透明度好，滋润感强。矿物色(石青、石绿，头绿、二绿、三绿，头青、二青、三青，赫石、朱砂、石黄等)厚重而富丽，遮盖力强，化学色(锌白、金粉、银粉等)在点缀或处理特殊效果中起了醍目的作用。现在市场上有锌管中国画颜料，既方便又实用，是初学者绘画的理想材料。用笔、用墨、用色、用水技法 写意中国画非常讲究笔墨，所
9、谓笔墨，就是用笔用墨的方法和技法。首先我们从用笔开始讲起:用笔有顺、逆、捻、粗、细等技法，一般来说顺手势的用笔为顺笔，逆手势的为逆笔，用手指拨捻笔，顺笔所画的线、面或点为平实，流畅、轻松，而逆向用笔、造险取势、生动。用笔不仅仅是一种单纯的技法，主要的手段是表现描绘物象的一种手段。前人有很多用笔的经验。如“锥画沙”、印印泥、屋漏痕、虫蚀木“万年枯藤”等用笔的说法，是一个与自然形象思维联想，用笔的疏密、松与紧、缓与急，刚与柔、收与放、奇与正、方与圆、虚与实等在表现物象时如何应用，如何恰如其分的表达，我们只有在实践中来体会。(一)中锋用笔，中锋也称为正锋，是指毛笔的锋在宣纸上垂直的用笔，所产生是厚实
10、、内涵、苍劲的行笔效果。(二)侧锋用笔，侧锋也称为偏锋，有中侧锋和偏侧锋用笔，笔锋在宣纸上倾斜的用笔，所产生的是活泼、多变、生动的行笔效果，特别是在画面块面常常需要侧锋用笔。(三)藏锋，行笔时笔锋藏于点、线、面之中，分为起笔藏锋和收笔藏锋，藏锋使笔迹不露锋芒，内在厚实。(四)露锋，行笔时笔锋露于点、线、面之外，有起笔露锋和收笔露锋，露锋使笔迹精神外露、生动有势。(五)全锋、实锋、虚锋等很多用笔技法，我们可以在学习过程中慢慢掌握。用墨:中国画的墨色，世界上特殊无二，有强烈的民族绘画形式，在写意花鸟画中，“以墨为主”墨色运用至关重要。前人在用墨中有许多经验，所谓“墨分五彩”、“墨为七墨”等，是用墨
11、的宝贵经验。五彩:(1)焦墨:墨色中不含水，有浓重、枯涩、干渴之感。(2)浓墨:墨色中略含水，有醒目、厚重、精神之感。(3)重墨:墨色中含水略多，有圆实、苍劲、精神之感。(4)淡墨:墨色中含水，有清晰、明快、变化之感。(5)清墨:墨色中大量用水，有透明、华丽浓、幽静之感。焦墨、浓墨不宜用得过实、呆板、黑气。重墨、谈墨不宜用得浑浊、花碎、零乱。清墨不宜用得飘浮、腻脏，在反映物象时，采用何类墨色为最佳，就可认定运用。下面再讲讲其它用墨的方法:(1)渴墨:以重墨为主，内涵而苦涩、润带飞白的墨迹。(2)干墨:以浓墨为主，生辣、苍老、飞白走笔的墨迹。(3)湿墨:以浓墨或淡墨汁为主，华滋、厚重、水墨淋漓的
12、墨迹。(4)泼墨:五色墨均可，大笔挥洒，横涂直抹，气势磅礴，大胆泼辣。(5)破墨:在运墨湿润时，再用墨破之，产生生动变化，有意想不到的笔 墨效果。破墨在写意花鸟画中运用很多，方法也很多，有浓破淡、淡破浓、干破湿、湿破干、以中锋勾勒破、侧锋皱擦破等，趁水墨湿润之时破之，使笔墨互相更溶合。(6)宿墨:隔夜之墨，胶质起了变化成为宿墨。行笔时见笔痕，有华滋、韵足、“棉里针”之感。(7)积墨:积墨就是加积墨，墨干后再次变加使画面丰富苍劲，特别是在浓墨有浮轻的现象时积墨能产生一种提神、沉着、苍老的感觉，用笔可擦、可染、可皱。(8)渍墨:充分地利用水墨在宣纸上的痕迹，点画之中的笔触感，透明滋润，画面产生一种
13、独特效果。(9)烘墨:或称染墨，用清墨、淡墨或色墨染物象的轮廓，衬出物象的主体。生宣作画有两种方法，直接清染和清水打底再用墨染，不留笔迹。有一种平实、整体的空间效果。用色:写意花鸟画的用色比其它中国画类色彩更丰富，从美学和艺术的角度看比自然界的物象更为提炼、夸张。写意花鸟画用色一般不受光线、环境对色彩的影响，而是抽象的从固有色的观念来反映物象的。所以，色彩的主观意识很强，色彩的感受往往是主观能动性和自我审美意识的反映。画格的高低从墨色中能反映出来，从色彩上更能反映出来，怎样做到画面艳间不俗，沉着高雅，是一个艺术修养和个性审美的问题。写意花鸟画着色，主要有点染法、填色法、染色法、罩色法、泼彩法和
14、破色法等，技法的运用与墨色有相似之处。点染法:先用清水蘸笔、再蘸一种或几种颜色来点缀物象陶形体，用笔清晰、自然、忌僵、忌灰、忌脏。填色法:首先用墨线或色线勾好物象的轮廓，然后填色，填色点染平涂均可，忌乱、忌碎。染色法:有淡彩染色、重彩晕染和烘染。染色与用墨相近，力求物象的质感、空间变化。虚实空间的处理尤为重要，忌腻、忌厚。罩色法:在墨色的画面上出现斑烂不转体现象时，罩色是一种最好的方法，一则丰富 lml 面的效果，二则可使画面和谐统一。泼彩法:用色彩调色后随意挥洒、泼倒等手法，确定画面的主色调，或先用墨块后复加倾倒石青、石绿遮盖强的色彩，自然的渗入使画面有大象无形之感，色泽醒目强烈，西画中的水
15、粉、水彩颜料，如不产生火气、俗气，亦可出一种新奇的效果。破色法:有色破墨、墨破色、色破色、水破色、色破水等技法，在表现不同的物象时可采用不同的破色手法。彩墨法:色中有墨，墨中带色，彩墨相交，大写意花鸟画中用得很多，手法灵活，达到的效果也很丰富。其它有烘染法、晕染法、衬擦法等，在学习中可以不断摸索出一套表现形式。用水:中国画亦称水墨画，由此而论用水在绘画上的重要性。用水少可使画面产生“干裂秋风”的效果，用水多则使画面产生“润如春泽”的效果。秋风有气势，春润有韵味，所谓“气韵生动”。水破法:用水有“水破墨、墨破水、水破色、色秘水”等技法，水破墨也称冲墨，有“屋漏痕”的韵味，墨破水有空间感，先用水挥
16、洒再用墨块，画面另有一番风味，水破色、色破水与破墨相似，水破色没骨花鸟中用得很多。泼水法:泼水法有先泼水后用墨和先用墨后泼水两种，在特殊的情况下可以尝试。胶水法:水渗入胶等其它物质，往往会产生新颖的肌理艺术效果，也可以尝试。用水是写意花鸟画中的一个重要技法，许多大画家很擅长用水，有的用水用得好，形成了自己一种独特的风格。总之，用笔、用墨、用色、用水，不能单一地来看待画面在的对比、和谐、大小、枯湿种种对立和统一中，灵活生动地运用，使物象表现得更完美，更有力度。(英文版)Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party i
17、n power for a long time and the rule of law conditions,the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan,implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party,strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives.The two regulations supporting each other,the adhe
18、re to a positive advocate,focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see,enough to get a high standard;around the party discipline,disciplinary ruler requirements,listed as negative list,focusing on vertical gauge,draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch
19、 the bottom line.Here,the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation:the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process;the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the
20、 party;the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems;the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party.and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to
21、the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus.Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years,pooling the wisdom of the whole party,ideological consensus,draw historical experience,resp
22、ect for the wisdom of our predecessors,which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation;follow the correct direction,grasp the limited goals,adhere to the partys leadership,to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem.The new revision of the and,reflects the partys 18 and t
23、he eighth session of the third,the spirit of the fourth plenary session,reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech,reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice.(a)revised two regulations of the party need o
24、f in based on revised,the promulgation and implementation of January 2010,to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role.But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening,has not been able to fully meet the actual needs.Content is
25、too complicated,eight prohibition,52 are not allowed to hard to remember,and also difficult to put into practice;the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive,no autonomy requirements;the third is banned terms and discipline law,both with the party discipl
26、ine,disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat;the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent,not for the existing problems,and is narrow,only needle of county-level leading cadres above.is in 1997 based on revision,in December 2003 the promulgation and
27、 implementation,to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role.Along with the development of the situation,which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs.One is Ji law,more than half of the provisions and crimina
28、l law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition;two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent,not specific,for violation of the party constitution,damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue;third is the main d
29、iscipline for the leading cadres,does not cover all Party members.Based on the above situation,need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment.By revising,really put the authority of Party discipline,the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party me
30、mbers and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness.(II)two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision.Xi Jinping,general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of t
31、he eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,on the revised regulations made clear instructions.According to the central deployment,the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision.The Standing Committee of the
32、Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised.Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision,amendment clarifies the direction,major issues of principle,path and target,respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province(area)secretary
33、 of the Party committee,Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission,part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people,views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members.Approved by the Central C
34、ommittee of the Communist Party of China,on 7 September 2015,the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)Party,the central ministries and commissions,state ministries and commissions of the Party(party),the Gener
35、al Political Department of the military,every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion.Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions,careful study,attracting,formed a revised sent reviewers.In October 8 and October 12,Central Committee P
36、olitical Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft.On October 18,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations.Can say,two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the
37、whole party,embodies the party.Second,and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen,ten eight plenary,the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on
38、the revised and,highlighting the ruling party characteristics,serious discipline,the discipline quite in front of the law,based on the current,a long-term,advance as a whole,with Bu Xiuding independent and.Main principle is:first,adhere to the party constitution to follow.The constitution about disc
39、ipline and self-discipline required specific,awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness,maintaining the authority of the constitution.General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules,no side round.Party constitution is the fundamental law,the party must follow the gen
40、eral rules.In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee,Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules,but also the general rules.the revision of the and is Met
41、hod in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow,the constitution authority set up,wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline,the party constitution about discipline
42、and self-discipline specific requirements.4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party.The Party of rule of virtue de,mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs,excellent traditional style.The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline,insi
43、sting on the positive initiative,for all members,highlight the vital few,emphasized self-discipline,focusing on the morality,and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards.The revised Ji method separately,Ji,Ji Yan to Method,as a negative list,emphasizing the heteronomy,fo
44、cusing on vertical gauge.Is this one high and one low,a positive reaction,the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements,for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler.T
45、hird,insist on to.In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage,the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined,especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules
46、,organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions.Not one pace reachs the designated position,focusing on in line with reality,pragmatic and effective.After the revision of major changes
47、,major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems(a)adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination,for at the present stage,the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipl
48、ine,put forward principles,requirements and specifications,showing Communists noble moral pursuit,reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements.One is closely linked to the self-discipline,removal and no direct relation to the provisions of.the seco
49、nd is adhere to a positive advocate,eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment.Three is for all the party members,will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members,fully embodi
50、es the comprehensive strictly required.The fourth is prominent key minority,seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key,and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members.Five is to simplify,and strive to achieve concise,easy to understand,easy to remember.The re