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1、名名词词（一）概述名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：人的名字 Li Ming,Tom地方名称 China,London职业称呼teacher,doctor物品名称 pencil,dictionary 行为名称 study,invention抽象概念 history,grammar（二）普通名词和专有名词1 1普通名词普通名词凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：1 1）个体名词）个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：He has
2、 two aunts.Most classrooms have computers.也可指抽象东西，例如：Weve lived here for twentyyears.I had a dream last night个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks,problems;单数形式可以和 a/an 连用，如：a week,a problem,an old man.2 2）集体名词）集体名词集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：family（家，家庭）army（军队）company（公司；全体船员）enemy（敌人）government（政府）group（小组，团体）public
3、（公众）team（队；组）police（警方）集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单作单数看待His family isnt large.他家人不多。The government is planning to build adam here.政府打算在这里建一座水坝。The public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。作复数看待His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。The government are discussing theplan.政府在讨论这个计划。The publ
4、ic were deceived by thenewspaper.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待：有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.有的集体名词多作复数看待。The police are looking for him.3 3）物质名词）物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：beer,cloth,coal,coffee,coke,cotton,ice,ink,jam,juice,meat,medicine,metal,milk,oilpaper,rain,s
5、alad,salt,sand,snow,soup,steel,sugar,tea,water,wine,wood,wool等。一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：a有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：Tree beers,please.A chocolate ice-cream for me.b有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。It was a delicious wine.c个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特
6、殊意义：It was now the time of the spring rains.Here are the snows of last year.d抽象名词抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词 a/an。常见的抽象名词有：age,anger,beauty,childhood,death,duty,fear,fun,happiness,health,help,history,industry,joy,labour,love,luck,music,nature,peace,pleasure,power,safety,silence,sleep,tim
7、e,training,travel,trust,truth,waste,weather,work,worth,youth等。在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：safety first!Its wonderful weather.但有时也加定冠词 the,或不定冠词 a/an.例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.Theres a beauty in simplicity.朴实之中有一种美。2 2专有名词专有名词专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：1）人名：Mary,Mrs Green,Zha
8、nghua2）地名：Beijing,WestLake3）某类人的名称：Americans,Russians4）某些抽象事物的名称：English,Chinese5）月份、周日及节日名称：May,Saturday,Easter6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind7）对家人等的称呼：Mum,Dad,Uncle Tom专有名词的第一个字母要大写。（三）可数名词和不可数名词名词按所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词 a 或
9、 an 连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：单数复数a countrya classa sheepa tomato普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如 ice(冰)，water(水),rice(稻子)等。在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。例如作不可数名词作可数名词一般glass 玻璃玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜说来，paper 纸张报纸；文件；考卷汉语time 时间次数；时代和英work 消息单词；话语语对某一个名词是否可数
10、的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun，work，advice，weather，homework，news，money，information，bread，hair)，chalk，furniture 等。（四）可数名词复数形式的构成可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s 或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：情况构成方法例词读音deskdesks一般情况在词尾加-s-s 在请辅音后发smapmaps音daydays-s 在元音私浊畏音girlgirls后发zbus buses以 s,x,c
11、h,sh 结尾在词尾加-eses 发iz音boxboxes的词watchwatchesfishfishes以辅音字母加 y 结变 y 为 I 再加-es familyfamilies-ies 发iz音factoryfactories尾的词partypartiesdaydays以元音字母 y 结尾在词尾加-s-s 发z音boyboys的词keykeys以f或fe 结尾的词 变 f 或 fe 为 v 再knifeknives-ves 发vz音lifelives加-eswifewiveshalfhalvespotatopotatoes-es 发z音以辅音字母加 o 结在词尾加-estomatotom
12、atoes尾的词heroheroesradioradios以元音字母加 o 结在词尾加-s-s 发z音zoozooscountriesclassessheeptomatoes尾的词少数以辅音字母加 o 结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photophotos,pianopianos等。有些以 f 结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs,roofroofs 等。英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：manmen,womanwomen,FrenchmanFrenchmen,childchildren,toothteeth,f
13、ootfeet,goosegeese,mousemice,sheepsheep,deerdeer,fishfish 等。（五）名词的所有格在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。1 1名词所有格的构成名词所有格的构成名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加s。the boys schoolbag 这男孩的书包the workers shoes 这个二人的鞋2）复数名词如果以 s 结尾，只加（在 s 的右上角）即可the teachers office 老师们的办公室 the students classroom 学生们的教室3
14、）复数名词如果不以 s 结尾，则在词尾加sWomens Day 妇女节the Peoples Park 人民公园2 2名词所有格的用法名词所有格的用法名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。He is Marys younger brother.They are reading Lei Fengs Diaries.2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。Our school is half an hours walk from here.Beijing is Chinas capital.3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与
15、of 构成的短语结构。The front door of the house was painted red.There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。My sister often goes to my uncles.You look ill.Youd better go to the doctors.5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。I am using my dictionary.You can use Toms.Our bedr
16、oom is much larger than John and Dicks.（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达1两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some,any,plenty of,a lot of,lots of 等。Please give me some paper.I dont want to borrow any magazines.2用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many,several.hundreds of,a number of,a pair of,afew,few 等。You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your co
17、mposition.Several days later,a group of students went to help the old man.3 用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much,a great deal of,a bit of,a drop of,a piece of,quite a little,little,等。I want a piece of red chalk.Please give her a bit of bread.（七）名词的用法1作主语The radio says that it may stop raining later.广播说一会儿雨可能会停。2作表语例
18、Class 3 were the winners.三班获胜了3作宾语例如：I told him a story.我给他讲了个故事。4作宾语补足语例如：He named her Jenny.他给她取名詹妮。5作定语We are discussing the population problem.我们正在讨论人口问题。6作状语例如：He sat here a long time.他坐在这儿很久了。7与介词组成词组I am working hard on my Chinese.我正在努力学习汉语。8作介词宾语例如：Give the money to your sister.把钱给你姐三、随堂监测 A
19、 组I.写出下列名词的复数形式：1.house _ 2.village _ 3.map _4.orange _ 5.bag _ 6.exercise _7.brush _ 8.family _ 9.bus _10.city _ 11.box _ 12.baby _13.class _ 14.factory _ 15.glass _16.dictionary _ 17.watch _ 18.woman _19.match _ 20.man _ 21.wish _22.German _ 23.tomato _ 24.policeman _25.kilo _ 26.human _ 27.potato
20、 _28.Chinese _ 29.shelf _ 30.Japanese _31.leaf _ 32.American _33.life _34.tooth _ 35.wife _ 36.foot _37.knife _ 38.sheep _ 39.half _40.child _II.将下列词组译成英语：1、一群孩子2、两箱子苹果3、三篮子蔬菜4、九块面包5、十杯牛奶6、五块肉7、多种植物8、一副眼镜9、两块冰10、三张纸11、四瓶橘汁12、五杯茶13、六碗米饭14、七袋米15、八块木头16、九块金属III.写出下列各词的名词形式：1.work _ 2.teach _ 3.sing _ 4
21、.ill _5.fight _ 6.invent _ 7.wait _ 8.woolen _9.win _ 10.thankful _ 11.foreign _ 12.cloudy _13.run _ 14.dirty _15.visit _ 16.funny _17.wooden _ 18.medical _19.operate _ 20.hot _21.invite _22.worried _23.build _ 24.please _25.help _ 26.safe _27.die _ 28.dangerous _29.draw _ 30.noisy _四、随堂监测 B 组.选择填空：
22、1.I want to buy _.A.two bottles of inkB.two bottle of inkC.two bottle of inks D.two bottles of inks2.They dont have to do _ today.A.much homeworkB.many homeworks C.many homework D.much homeworks3.The _ of machine made us feel sick.A.voiceB.noiseC.soundD.noises4.The blouse is made of _.A.a woolB.thes
23、e woodC.woolsD.wool5.There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A.cows,sheepsB.cows,sheepC.cow,sheepD.cow,sheeps6.June 1 is _.A.childrens dayB.childrens DayC.Childrens Day D.Childrens day7._ room is next to their parents.A.Kates and JoansB.Kates and JoanC.Kate and JoansD.Kate and Joan8.Miss Green
24、is a friend of _.A.Marys mothersB.Marys mother C.Mary mothersD.mothers of Mary9.Tom is _.He will come to see me.A.my a friendB.a friendC.mine friendD.a friend of mine10.Sheep _ white and milk _ also white.A.is,areB.are,isC.is,isD.are,are11.Id like to have a glass of milk and _.A.two breadsB.two piec
25、es of breadsC.two pieces of breadD.two piece of bread12.Its a long _ to Paris.Its two thousand kilometers.A.streetB.roadC.wayD.end13.Many _ are singing over there.A.womanB.womenC.girlD.child14.He bought _.A.two pairs of shoesB.two pair of shoesC.two pairs of shoeD.two pair of shoe15.Mr.White has thr
26、ee _.A.childB.childrenC.childsD.childrens16.Beijing is one of the biggest _ in the world.A.citysB.cityC.cityesD.cities17.-Wheres Mr.White?-Hes in _.A.the room 202B.Room 202C.the Room 202D.room 20218.Shops,hospitals and schools are all _.A.placesB.homesC.roomsD.buildings19.Every morning Mr.Smith take
27、s a _ to his office.A.20 minutes walksB.20 minutes walkC.20-minutes walkD.20-minute walk20.-Are these _?-No,they arent.Theyre _.A.sheep,cowsB.sheep,cowC.sheeps,cowD.sheeps,cows21.There are many _ in the fridge.A.fishB.fruitC.eggsD.bread22.-Whose room is this?-Its _.A.Li MingB.Li MingsC.Li MingsD.Li
28、Mings23.Here are _ for you,Sue.A.potatosB.some potatoesC.three tomatosD.some tomato24.Here are some birthday cards with our best _ for her.A.wishB.hopeC.wishesD.hopes25.I always go to that _ to buy food on Sunday.A.shopB.parkC.zooD.garden26.Whats the Chinese for“PRC”?A.中国人民解放军B.中华人民共和国 C.联合国D.中国共产党2
29、7.Sam gave Ann some _ to look after Polly while he was away.A.picture-booksB.inventionsC.instructionsD.messages28.-Which of the following animals lives only in China?-The _.A.monkeyB.elephantC.pandaD.cat29._ room is on the 5th floor.A.Lucy and LilyB.Lucy and LilysC.Lucys and LilyD.Lucys and Lilys30.
30、The third month of the year is _.A.MarchB.JanuaryC.FebruaryD.April31.Mum,Im quite thirsty.Please give me _.A.two orangeB.two bottle of orangesC.two bottles of orangeD.two bottles of oranges32.How wonderful!The _ is made of _.A.house,glassB.house,glassesC.houses,glassD.houses,glasses33.I met some _ i
31、n the park and talked with them the other day.A.JanpanesesB.AmericanC.ChinesesD.English34._ is the best time for planting trees.A.SummerB.WinterC.SpringD.Autumn35.Tom was badly hurt in the match.They carried him to the _ as quickly aspossible.A.bankB.post officeC.shopD.hospital36.There are two _ in
32、the room.A.shelfB.shelfsC.shelfesD.shelves37.There are seven _ in a week.A.yearsB.monthsC.daysD.minutes38.My father is a _.He works in a hospital.A.teacherB.doctorC.farmerD.writer39.Its very cold today.Why dont you put on your _?A.watchB.shirtC.sweaterD.glasses40.-Excuse me,are you _?-Yes,Im from _.
33、A.Japan,JapaneseB.China,ChineseC.England,EnglishD.American,AmericaV.各地中考题选编：1.-Where is Tom?-Hes left a _ saying that he has something important todo.A.excuseB.messageC.exerciseD.news2.There is no _ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.A.roomB.a roomC.roomsD.seats3.-Would you like some _?-O
34、h,yes.Just a little.A.pearsB.orangesC.sugarD.apples4.You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _.KEEP IN A COLDPLACEA.foodB.moneyC.clothesD.books5.Mr.Green has lived in the _ hotel since he came to China.A.five-starB.five-starsC.five starsD.five stars6.She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become h
35、er second _.A.homeB.familyC.houseD.place7.-Whats the _ today?-Its June 26.A.dayB.dateC.timeD.hour8.English is spoken as a first language in _.A.the USAB.IndiaC.JapanD.China9._ comes from cows.A.WoolB.ChickenC.PorkD.Milk10.Which of the following does paper burn in?A.co2B.N2C.O2D.H211.Let the children
36、 go away.Theyre making too much _ here.A.noiseB.voiceC.noisyD.sounds12._ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.A.WoolB.PorkC.MuttonD.Milk13.-Oh,there isnt enough _ for us in the lift.-It doesnt matter,lets wait for the next.A.groundB.floorC.placeD.room14._ is the biggest city in China.A.Be
37、ijingB.ShanghaiC.GuangzhouD.Kunming15.The Englishman Stephenson(史蒂芬孙),invented _.A.the shipB.the carC.the planeD.the train冠词冠词重点知识归纳及讲解（一）概说1冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：1）定冠词 the2）不定冠词 a/an定冠词 the 通常读作，在元音前读作i，特别强调或单念时读作i:。不定冠词在元音音素开始的单词前用 an 这个形式，读作n；在其他情况下则使用 a，读作。2冠词的基本意义不定冠词 a
38、/an 与数词 one 同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词单数前。She is a nurse.He is an Englishman,with an Irish wife.定冠词 the，与 this 同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。Thats the book you want.Whos the young man over there?但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。Put it on the table.Shut the door,please.3特指和泛指一般来说，名词有特指和泛
39、指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：A gentleman is asking to see you.有位先生要求见你。（泛指）Ask the gentleman to come in.请那位先生进来。（特指）在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如：She sent me a postcard 她寄给我一张明信片。2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some,any 这类词。These are new words.She sent me some flowers.3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加 some,any 等。Its lovely w
40、eather.Do you want any sugar in your tea?Give us some help.（二）不定冠词的基本用法1泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”）His father is a doctor.2代表某一类人或事物，相当于 any（+名词）（不必译为“一”，但必须用 a，表示类别）A horse is a useful animal.3指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”）his book was written by a worker.4表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有 one 强烈（一般译为“一
41、”）Wait a moment.等一下。5表示单位，相当于“每”的意思We have three meals a day.6用于某此固定词组中a few,a little,a bit(of),a lot of 等。（三）定冠词的基本用法1特指某（些）人或某（些）事物Give me the book.2指谈话双方都知道的人或事物Where is the doctor?3再次提到上文提到过的人或事物I bought a dictionary yesterday.The dictionary is at home.4用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物The earth is bigger tha
42、n the moon,but smaller than the sun.5用在序数词和形容词最高级前Mr Wang teaches the first class.Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.6用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物The horse is a useful animal.7与下列专有名词连用1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前the Changjiang River,the Great Lake2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人The Greens are sitting at the
43、breakfast table.8和某些形容词连用，表示一类人the old 老人the young年轻人the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人9在一些习惯说法中the east(west,south,north)in the morning(afternoon,evening)on the left(right)in the endgo to the cinema（四）不用冠词的几种情况1在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前Have you ever been to Shanghai?We love science.2在表示一类人或事物的复
44、数名词前Girls can be scientists.3在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前It is hot in summer.Have you had breakfast?Its Tuesday,August the 22nd.4称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前Whats the matter with you,Mike?He is headmaster of our school.5学科和球类运动的名称前We study English.Do you like to play football?6名词前已有用作定语的 this,that my,your,some,any,no,whos
45、e,every,each 等代词时，不用冠词That is her bikeEach student in his class studies hard.7在某些固定词组的名词前at home,at night,after school,by bus,in bed,in town,in front of,go to school,go to bed三、随堂监测 A 组I.在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“/”表示：1.This is _ old map.It is _ useful map.2.We have no classes in _ afternoon on _ Sat
46、urday.3._ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _second.4.Beijing is _ capital of _ China.It is _ beautiful city.5.Roman was not built in _ day.6.Chinese is quite _ difficult language for Mike.7.Many _ students will take _ active part in sports meet.8.There is _ interesting picture on _ wall.9.
47、Jenny found _ wallet lying on _ground._ wallet was Mr.Blacks.10.Which is _ biggest,_ sun,_ moon,or _ earth?11.-Which picture is more beautiful?-_one on _ left,I think.12.-Which is _ way to _ hospital?-Go down this road and turn left on_ second crossing.13._ more,_ better.14._ Turners are sitting at
48、breakfast table.15.Joe Hill was _ fighter for _ working class.16.When was _ Peoples Republic of China founded?17.In China _ first English textbooks were published in _late nineteenthcentury.18.After _ breakfast he went to _ school on _ foot.19._ Huanghe River lies in _ north of China.20.He likes pla
49、ying _ football.His sister likes playing _ piano.II.单项选择：1.上学 A.go to school B.go to the school C.go to a school2.住院 A,in the hospital B.in a hospital C.in hospital3.此刻 A.at the moment B.at a moment C.at moment4.在课堂上 A.in class B.in a class C.in the class5.在地球上 A.on earth B.on an earth C.on the eart
50、h6.步行 A.on foot B.on the foot C.on feet7.吃饭 A.at a table B.at the table C.at table8.乘公共汽车 A.take bus B.by bus C.by the bus9.在家 A.at the home B.at a home C.at home10.在工作 A.at work B.at the work C.at works11.跳高 A.jump high B.high jump C.the high jump12.坐飞机 A.by air B.by the air C.on air13.乘火车 A.by the