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1、胎儿权益的司法保护情况探讨,司法制度论文【题目】胎儿权益的司法保卫情况讨论 【引言 第一章】 【第二章】 【第三章】 【第四章】 【第五章】 【结论/以下为参考文献】 摘 要 对胎儿权益给予保卫是近年来各国法律一致秉持的态度。在我们国家，(民法通则第 9 条规定 公民从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力 ,法律上不成认胎儿的民事主体地位，使胎儿权益保卫在立法上存在缺失，当前我们国家胎儿权益主要由法官通过司法裁判进行保卫。 笔者着眼于我们国家各类牵涉胎儿权益纠纷典型案例，以案例分析法为主要论证方式方法，讨论胎儿权益的司法保卫情况。本文除引言和结论部分外，主要分五章进行阐述： 第一章阐述了当前
2、权利能力讲 和 法益讲 两类影响司法的胎儿权益保卫理论，通过两种理论分析，本文以为，两种观点分别对不同胎儿权益纠纷的司法保卫提供了理论支持，具有较强的指导作用，但在适用中也存在一定的局限性；第二章主要讨论了胎儿人身伤害的司法保卫。通过若干案例，归纳人身伤害纠纷的特点和责任要件，并对人身伤害损害赔偿的法律根据和赔偿范围进行了阐述。本文以为，我们国家胎儿人身伤害纠纷的司法保卫是以胎儿活体出生为前提，由新出生的自然人作为民事主体，裁判中实际运用了 权利预先效力讲 ,对其胎儿期所受损害进行救济；第三章讨论了遗腹子抚养费纠纷，即遗腹子受抚养权的司法保卫。 结合典型案例，分析不同情况下遗腹子抚养费的赔偿问
3、题及法院裁判的主要根据。本文观点是，由于法无明文，遗腹子抚养费纠纷的审理和裁判本质上是法院通过各种方式在个案裁判中 找法 的经过，裁判理由多种多样，司法保卫仍存在不统一和不确定的问题；第四章就胎儿财产继承、受赠与等权益的司法保卫展开阐述，分别讨论胎儿财产继承和赠与等纠纷典型案例，引申到胎儿受遗赠问题，并归纳了司法裁判中保卫胎儿权益的各种观点。本文以为，无论采用何种裁判方式方法，其目的都是将胎儿权益纳入法律对 人 的权利保卫中，似适用 权利能力讲 在特定情形下默认了胎儿民事主体地位；第五章主要讨论了 不当出生 损害赔偿纠纷的法律问题，包括父母的优生优育选择权、赔偿请求权及赔偿范围。本文以为， 不
4、当出生 纠纷虽未直接对胎儿权益造成损害，但作为胎儿权益保卫的特殊类型，纠纷损害赔偿主要是为缓解缺陷儿出生后，本人及其父母在物质及精神上额外面临的不便和困扰，法院应当给予支持。 本文通过对牵涉胎儿权益的纠纷分门别类进行讨论，归纳出当前我们国家司法实践中对胎儿保卫的方式方法和存在的一些问题，笔者在结论部分以为，在胎儿民事主体地位立法缺失的情况下，法官们想方设法在学理中寻找根据，通过个案裁判对胎儿权益进行司法保卫并非长久之计，完善立法才是解决胎儿权益保卫问题的根本对策。时值我们国家民法典总则起草之际，笔者也尝试从司法角度为立法的完善提出了建议。 本文关键词语：胎儿 胎儿权益 胎儿权利能力 司法保卫
5、ABSTRACT In recent years, legislations of many countries have been dedicated tothe protection of fetus rights. But according to the stipulation of Article 9of General Principles of the Civil Law of the People s Republic of Chinathat a citizen has the capacity for civil rights from birth to death, so
6、 fetus civil subject status is not admitted legally, which leads to absent legislationon fetus rights protection. Therefore, currently fetus rights are mainlyprotected by juridical adjudication in China. Focusing on various kinds of fetus rights-related dispute cases inChina, this paper adopts case
7、analysis method as primary demonstrationmethod to discuss juridical protection condition of fetus rights. In additionto introduction and conclusion, this paper will make discussion in fivechapters as follows: The first chapter is the discussion of two current fetus rights protectiontheories, legal c
8、apacity theory and legal interest theory which haveimpact on judicature. With comparative analysis of legal capacity theory and legal interest theory , it is concluded in this chapter that these twokinds of standpoints provide theoretical support to judicial protection forvarious kinds of fetus righ
9、ts disputes respectively, with great guidingfunction as well as certain limitation in application;Juridical protection of fetus personal injury is discussed in the secondchapter. Characteristics and liability elements of personal injury disputesare summarized with some cases, and legal basis and com
10、pensation scopeof personal injury and damage compensation are discussed as well. It isconcluded in this chapter that juridical protection of fetus personal injurydisputes in China regards fetus live birth as premise, newborn naturalperson as civil subject, provides relief to the injury during fetus
11、period, and rights vorwirkung theory is applied in practical judgment;The third chapter is about the posthumous child alimony disputes,namely the juridical protection of posthumous child s rights to be fostered.The compensation issues of posthumous child s alimony under differentsituations and prima
12、ry basis of court supporting alimony compensation areanalyzed together with cases. As no specific law, trail and judgment ofposthumous child alimony disputes is the process of court find laws in casejudgments by various means. With diverse judgment reasons, there areissues of disunity and uncertaint
13、y in juridical protection;On basis of juridical protection of fetus property inheritance, donationrights, typical cases of fetus property inheritance and donation rights arediscussed respectively in the fourth chapter. And this is also extended tofetus s bequest acceptance issues, to make conclusion
14、 of all kinds of pointsof fetus rights protection in juridical judgment. It is concluded in thischapter that, no matter which judgment method is adopted, its purpose is tobring fetus rights into legislation protection scope of human rights. Application of legal capacity theory tacitly admits fetus c
15、ivil subjectstatus in certain circumstances;The fifth chapter mainly discusses the legal issues of improper birth damage compensation disputes, including parents option of sound childrearing, compensation claim right and compensation scope. It is concludedin this chapter that, though improper birth
16、doesn t cause infringementdirectly to fetus rights, as a special type of fetus rights protection, disputedamage compensation is mainly for relieving material and psychologicalinconvenience and trouble of parents and their own, which shall besupported by court. Through classified discussion of fetus
17、rights-involved disputes, fetusprotection methods and existing problems of current juridical practice inChina are summarized. In conclusion part, the author believes, undercircumstances with absent legislation of fetus civil subject status, thatjudges try every means to find theoretical basis, and c
18、onduct juridicalprotection of fetus rights through case judgments is a temporary solutionwhile perfect legislation is the basic countermeasure to solve fetus rightsprotection problems. When Civil Code of China is being drafted,suggestions are offered for perfect legislation from juridical perspectiv
19、e. KEY WORDS: Fetus, Embryos right capability, Embryos interest,Juridical protection 目 录 引 言 第一章 胎儿权益保卫理论 一、 权利能力讲 的立法具体表现出和分析 二、 权利能力讲 的质疑和考虑 第二节 法益讲 一、传统 法益讲 二、人身权延伸保卫讲 三、权利的预先效力讲 第二章 胎儿人身伤害的司法保卫 第一节 胎儿人身伤害纠纷的特点 一、权益损害的间接性 二、损害时间的特定性 三、损害结果的滞后性 四、因果关系的复杂性 第二节 胎儿人身伤害的责任要件 一、司法中的请求权基础 二、违法损害行为要件 三、损
20、害事实要件 四、因果关系要件 五、过错要件 第三节 胎儿人身伤害典型案例分析 一、胎儿人身伤害典型案例 二、损害胎儿生命的司法裁判 三、损害赔偿的法律根据及赔偿范围 四、胎儿父母过错或损害的赔偿责任问题 第三章 遗腹子抚养费的司法保卫 第一节 遗腹子抚养费纠纷典型案例 第二节 遗腹子抚养费赔偿问题分析 第三节 遗腹子抚养费赔偿的主要根据 一、法律条文规定及解释 二、地方性司法指导意见 三、法律原则、公序良俗和理论学讲 第四章 胎儿财产继承等权益的司法保卫 第一节 胎儿财产继承权益典型案例 第二节 继承纠纷的胎儿权益保卫 第三节 赠与及遗赠纠纷中的胎儿权益保卫 一、对胎儿的赠与纠纷分析 二、胎儿接受遗赠的司法保卫 第五章 不当出生 损害赔偿的司法保卫 第一节 不当出生 概念及其特点 第二节 不当出生 损害赔偿典型案例 第三节 优生优育选择权的侵权法保卫 第四节 损害赔偿请求权和赔偿范围 一、 不当出生 损害赔偿请求权 二、 不当出生 的损害赔偿范围 结 论 以下为参考文献 致 谢