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1、小学英语语法汇总小学英语语法汇总一、时一、时 态态 小小 结结时时态态定义定义特征特征动词的变化规则动词的变化规则第三人称单数的变化情况:1.一般情况在词尾直接加-s-s2.以 ch,sh,s,xch,sh,s,x 或 o o 结尾的词加-es-es(wisheswishes)3.以辅音字母加 y y 结尾的词,将 y y 改成 i i 再加-es-es(fliesflies)现在分词的变化情况:1.一般情况在词尾直接加-ing-ing2.以 e e 结尾的词,去掉 e e 再加-ing-ing(skatingskating)3.以重读闭音节结尾的词,双写最后一个字母加-ing-ing(swi
2、mmingswimming)一表示经常般性或习惯现性的动在作.时现在进行时表示现在或现在一阶段正在进行的动作.every day/morning/every day/morning/usuallyusuallynow/look/listennow/look/listen动词过去式的变化情况:一yesterdayyesterday1.一般情况在词尾直接加-ed-ed表示过去般morning/afternoon/eveningmorning/afternoon/evening2.以 e e 结尾的词加-d-d(livedlived)某时发生过last year/monthlast year/mon
3、th3.以辅音字母加 y y 结尾的词,将 y y 改成 i i 再加的动作或去a minute ago/an hour agoa minute ago/an hour ago-ed-ed(fliedflied)情况.时this morning/afternoon/eveningthis morning/afternoon/evening 4.以重读闭音节结尾的词,双写最后一个字母加-ed-ed(stoppedstopped)一tomorrowtomorrow般表示将要 the day after tomorrow/the day after tomorrow/将发生的事 the next d
4、ay/Mondaythe next day/Monday来情at the weekend/tonightat the weekend/tonight时tomorrow night/morning/afternoontomorrow night/morning/afternoon主要构成be going to/will+动词原形动词原形 be be+形容词形容词凡是在 must,mustnt,can,cant,lets,dont,may,must,mustnt,can,cant,lets,dont,may,willwill 后的一定要用动词的原形二、名词的复数。二、名词的复数。名词按其数,可分两
5、种:可数名词和不可数名词.可数名词的复数变化规则:1.一般情况下,直接在词尾加-s-s,如:girl-girls,book-books,pen-pens2.以 s,x,sh,chs,x,sh,ch 结尾的词,在词后加-eses,如:class-classes,box-boxes,match-matches,3.以辅音字母+y+y结尾的,变y y 为i i 再加-eses,如:city-cities,family-families,country-countries4.以 f f 或 fefe 结尾的,变 f f 或 fefe 为 v v 再加-eses,如:knife-knives,wife-
6、wives,life-lives,5.以 o o 结尾的加-eses 或-s s,如:radio-radios,tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,zoo-zoos,photo-photos,6.man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,child-children,6.man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,child-children,三、形容词的比较级、最高级。三、形容词的比较级、最高级。形容词有比较级与最高级之分,单音节词的变化规则:1.一般情况下,直接在词尾加-erer 或-estest,如:small-smaller
7、-smallest,short-shorter-shortest2.以 e e 结尾的,加-erer 或-est,est,如:large-larger-largest,nice-nicer-nicest.3.以辅音字母+y+y 结尾的,变 y y 为 i i 再加-erer 或-est,est,如:busy-busier-busiest,heavy-heavier-heaviest.4.以重读闭音节,一个辅音字母结尾的,双写该字母,再加-erer 或-est,est,如:big-bigger-biggest,thin-thinner-thinnest.5.多音节的词,前加 more,most,
8、如:beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful.6.good-better-best6.good-better-best四、四、bebe 动词动词,助动词。助动词。现阶段 be 动词形式有:am,is,are,were,was,isnt,arent,werent,wasnt助动词形式有:do,does,did,dont,doesnt,didnt 1.在英语句子中进行变化的时候,有be动词的就在be动词上变化,变“过去”,“否定”;否定过去否定am-am not(第一人称“I”)am,is-wasntis-isnt(第三人称)are-werentare-are
9、nt(you 和其它人称)2.没有 be 动词的就要加助动词;否定过去过去否定do-dont-did-didntdoes(第三人称单数)-doesnt-did-didnt五人称代词五人称代词主语主语Isheheityouwethey物主代词物主代词形容词性形容词性myherhisitsyourourtheir名词性名词性minehershisitsyoursourstheirs宾格宾格meherhimityouusthem可数名词与不可数名词“分家”可数名词与不可数名词“分家”一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表
10、示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker,farmer,desk,factory 等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people,family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat,rice,water,milk,orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work,homework,time,health,friendship等)。二、可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单
11、数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s。如:book booksroom roomshouse housesday days2.以 s,ss,ch,sh,x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es。如:bus busesglass glasseswatch watchesdish dishes box boxes3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,要先将 y 改为 i 再加-es。如:city citiesbody bodiesfactory factories等等。4.以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,要将 f 或 fe 改为 v 再加-es。如:half halveleaf leaveskn
12、ife kniveswife wives5.特例 child children man menwoman womenpoliceman policemen(规律:man men)tomato tomatoespotato potatoes 初中英语以 o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s 喽!如:photo photos foot feettooth teeth sheep,Chinese,Japanese单、复数同形悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。people 单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数;people 的复数形式 peoples通常指多个民族。三、不可数名词1
13、.不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。2.有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。如:water(水)waters(水域)orange(橘汁)oranges(橘子)3.很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。如:fruit fruitsfood foodsfish fisheshair hairs用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.How many_(sheep)are there on the hill?2.There is some_(food
14、)in the basket.3.The baby has only two_(tooth)now.4.There is a lot of_(water)in the bottle.5.There are five_(people)in his family.6.Lets take_(photo),OK?7.I have lots of_(tomato)here.8.The_(leaf)on the tree turn-yellow.9.The_(child)are playing gameson the playground now.10.Their_(dictionary)look new
15、.11.I see you have a few white_(hair).12.They are_(woman)doctors.13.Can you give me some bottles of _(orange),please?14.There are many_(fox)in the picture.15.I would like some apple_(juice).I am very thirsty.参考答案:1.sheep 2.food 3.teeth 4.water 5.people 6.photos 7.tomatoes 8.leaves 9.children 10.dict
16、ionaries 11.hair,hairs 12.women 13.orange 14.foxes 15.juice名词可数不可数“六注意”名词可数不可数“六注意”一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks,apple-apples 等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread,a little milk 等。二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词 a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词 the;而不可数名词前不能用 a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:He is
17、 a factory worker.他是一名工人。No one can see air.没有人能看见空气。三、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some,any,a lot of,lots of 等来修饰,表示一些,许多。如:There are some oranges on the desk.桌子上有一些桔子。There is a lot of water in the bottle.瓶里有许多水。四、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples,four books等。不可数名词前通常用单位词+of来表示数量。如:a piece of paper,three pieces
18、 of paper等。五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:This picture is very beautiful.这幅画很美。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数单位词时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:There are two cups of tea on the table.桌上有两杯茶。六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many;对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。如:How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?How much tea is there in th
19、e cup?杯里有多少茶水?注意:对不可数名词前的单位词的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。如:How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?“行行色色”的名词所有格“行行色色”的名词所有格在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加s 表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。一、名词词尾加s 的所有格1.一般情况在名词后加s。例如:That girls coat is in the room.那个女孩的衣服在房间里。2.在以 s 结尾的名词(包括以 s 结尾的复数名词)后面,只加。如果复数名词不是以 s结尾的
20、,末尾也要加s。例如:Today is September 10th,Teachers Day.今天是九月十日,教师节。Childrens Day is coming,I should buy something new for my son.儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。3.表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加s;如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加s。例如:They are Johns andKates rooms.How beautiful they are!这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了!He is L
21、ily and Lucys father.他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。4.表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格,一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如:My father and I will have dinner at the Johnsons(home).我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。We will have our hair cut at the barbers(shop)tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我们要去理发店理发。5.有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以加s 构成所有格。例如:There is something important in todays newspa
22、per.今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。Its about ten minutes walk from school to our home every day.每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。6.英语名词所有格修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,后面则可以省略,以防止重复。例如:This is not Dicks dictionary,but is Toms.这不是迪克的字典,但是是汤姆的。二、由 of 短语构成的所有格1.表示“无生命的名词”一般与of 构成短语,表示所有关系。例如:There is a river on the other side of the road.在公路的另一边有
23、一条河。2.有时我们用名词+of+名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如:This is a photo of Mr Browns.这是一张布朗先生的照片。不用定冠词的八项纪律不用定冠词的八项纪律一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。例如:1.I like reading the books.()I like reading books.()2.She likes the cats.()She likes cats.()二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。例如:1.I have lunch at the noon.()I have lunch at noon.()2.We go
24、to school by the bus.()We go to school by bus.()三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。例如:1.I like the China.()I like China.()2.Would you like a cup of the water?()Would you like a cup of water?()四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。例如:1.Today is the Teachers Day.()Today is Teachers Day.()2.He was born in the May in 1987.()He w
25、as born in May in 1987.()五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面(尤其作表语、宾补时)。例如:1.Good morning,the sir!()Good morning,sir!()2.I need some help,the Mummy.()I need some help,Mummy.()六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词连用。例如:1.This the pen is mine.()This pen is mine.()2.I have the some money.()I have some m
26、oney.()七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。例如:1.We will learn the Chinese,the history and the Maths this afternoon.()We willlearn Chinese,history and Maths this afternoon.()2.The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.()English is the most interesting of all the subjects.()八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。例如:1.She
27、 goes to school after the breakfast every morning.()She goes to school after breakfast every morning.()2.We often play the football after school.()We often play football after school.()介词介词 for for 的用法小结的用法小结1.表示“当作、作为”。如:I like some bread and milk for breakfast.我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。What willwe have for su
28、pper?我们晚餐吃什么?2.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:Thank you for helping me with my English.谢谢你帮我学习英语。Thank you for your last letter.谢谢你上次的来信。Thank you for teaching us so well.感谢你如此尽心地教我们。3.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给”、“对(而言)”。如:Let me pick it up for you.让我为你捡起来。Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视太多有害于你的健康。4.表示时间、
29、距离,意为“计、达”。如:I usually do the running for an hour in the morning.我早晨通常跑步一小时。Wewill stay there for two days.我们将在那里逗留两天。5.表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:Lets go for a walk.我们出去散步吧。I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary.我花了 20 元买这本词典。6.表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于的”。如:Its time for scho
30、ol.到上学的时间了。Here is a letter for you.这儿有你的一封信。7.表示“支持、赞成”。如:Are you for this plan or against it?你是支持还是反对这个计划?8.用于一些固定搭配中。如:Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?For example,Mr Green is a kind teacher.比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。并列连词and 的任务是把两个或两个以上的有并列关系、动作先后关系或者是有条件和结果关系的句子连接起来。After lunch Aunt Huang came in and she l
31、ooked worried.午饭后黄阿姨进来了,她看起来很着急。(表示并列关系)Mary brushed her teech and she went to bed.玛丽刷完牙,然后上床睡觉。(表示动作先后关系)Use your head,and youll find a good way.动动脑筋,你就会找到好的方法。(表示条件和结果)该句相当于If you use your head,youll find a good way.祈使句,+and+一般将来时的句子这是一个固定句型,表示如果做到了祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。如:Work hard,and you will pa
32、ss the exam.努力学习,你就会通过考试。but 的工作是把两个意思相反或相对的句子连接起来。but 的近意词还有:yet(可是),while(而)等。I heard a big noise and I looked out,but I didnt see anything.我听到一声巨响,就往外看,但是我什么也没看见。Im poor,but I always enjoy myself.我很穷,但是我总是过得很开心。My elder brother likes playing basketball while I like playing football.我哥哥喜欢打篮球,而我喜欢踢
33、足球。so因此、所以,能迅速地把含有因果关系的两个简单句连接起来。This is our first lesson,so I dont know all your names.这是我们的第一节课,因此并不是所有人的名字我都知道。I am rich,so I can buy myself lots of nice things.我很富裕,所以我能给自己买很多好东西。For”因为”注重原因,so 注重结果。He shook his head,for he thought differently.他摇头(表示否决),因为他有不同的见解。Or 表示选择。又表示做好某事,否则(要不然)就会。You ma
34、y do it yourself,or you can ask someone to help you.你可以自己做,你也可以请人来帮你。Work hard,or you cant pass the exam.(=If you dont work hard,you cant passthe exam.)努力学习,否则你就会考试不及格。祈使句,+or+一般将来时的句子是一个固定句型,表示如果不做到祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。并列句的特点是:并列句必须由两个或两个以上的主语、谓语结构组成,并且它们之间互不依从,通常它们之间由并列连词连接,去掉连词后它们都可以独立成句。问:如果一个主
35、语有两个或两个以上的谓语动词;或者有两个或两个以上的主语,却只有一个谓语动词。这样的句子是并列句吗?答:不是并列句。例如:He closed the window,put on his coat,opened the door and went out.他关上窗户,穿上大衣,打开门出去了。Jim,Tom and I are in the same class.我和吉姆、汤姆在同一个班。巩固练习:1.Be careful,_ you will fall off the tree.a.so b.or c.but d.and 2.Never give up,_ youll make it.a.and
36、 b.but c.or d.yet 3.Lucy and Lily are twins.Lucy likes playing basketball,_ Lilydoesnt.a.and b.as c.but d.or 4.Mr Brown knows little Japanese,_ he cant understand theinstructions(用法说明)on the bottle of the pills.a.so b.or c.but d.for 5.My uncle doesnt have much money,_ he always enjoys himself.a.but
37、b.so c.and d.orwithwith 用法用法1.带着,牵着(表动作特征)。如:Run with the kite like this.2.附加、附带着(表事物特征)。如:A glass of apple juice,twoglasses of coke,two hamburgers with potato chips,rice and fish.3.和(某人)一起。a.跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈)。如:Now I am in China with my parents.Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.He/Shes t
38、alking with a friend.b.跟 go,come 连用,有 加入到某方的意思。如:Do you want to come with me?4.和 play 一起构成短语动词 play with 意为玩耍,玩弄 如:Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.5.与 help 一起构成 help.with.句式,意为帮助(某人)做(某事)。如:On Mondayand Wednesday,he helps his friends with their English.6.表示面部神情,有含着,带着 如:Im late for school,sai
39、d Sun Yang,with tears in his eyes.7.表示 用 如:You play it with your feet.What do the farmers do with your machines?8.表示 对,关于。如:Whats wrong with it?Theres something wrong with my computer.一般现在时一般现在时1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如:The
40、 earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。第二,构成:1.be 动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一个男孩。2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时,要在动词后加-s或-es。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。第三,变化-否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句:1.be 动词的变化。否定句:主语+be+not+其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑问句:Be+主语+其它。如:-Are yo
41、u a student?-Yes.I am./No,Im not.特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike?2.行为动词的变化。否定句:主语+dont(doesnt)+动词原形(+其它)。如:I dont like bread.当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesnt 构成否定句。如:He doesnt often play.一般疑问句:Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其它。如:-Do you often play football?-Yes,I do./No,I dont.当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does 构成一般疑问句。如:-Does she go to
42、work by bike?-Yes,she does./No,she doesnt.特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work?“第三人称单数”“第三人称单数”一、第三人称代词 he,she,it 作主语时。例如:She is very good at English.她英语学得好。He studies in a middle school.他在一所中学学习。二、单独使用的人名、地名或称呼语作主语时。例如:Jim often plays football with his friends.吉姆经常和他的朋友们踢足球。DoesUncle W
43、ang like making things?王叔叔喜欢做东西吗?三、不可数名词作主语时。例如:Is there any juice in the bottle?瓶里有果汁吗?四、单数可数名词作主语时。例如:The box is in your room.箱子在你的房间里。What is that girl doing over there?那女孩在那边干什么?五、单个数字、算式或单个字母作主语时。例如:Three plus nine is twelve.三加九等于十二。I is an English letter.I 是个英语字母。六、指示代词 this,that 等作主语时。例如:This
44、 is her red pen.这是她的红钢笔。七、代词 one 作主语时。例如:One of them is watching TV.他们中的一个人正在看电视。八、不定代词 something,anything,nothing 等作主语时。例如:Theres something wrong with the computer.这台电脑坏了。“一般过去时”“一般过去时”I.一般过去时的概念一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:last year,yesterday 等;也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和 often,always等频率副词连用。例如
45、:I saw him in the street yesterday.昨天我在街上看见他了。Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.去年李梅总是步行上学。II.一般过去时的构成我们主要来学习谓语动词为实义动词的一般过去时的构成。动词过去式的构成:(1)规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则:一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如:look-looked。以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词,去 e 再加-ed。如:live-lived。末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:stop-stopped。末尾是辅音字母+y 结尾的
46、动词,先变 y 为 i,然后再加-ed。如:study-studied。(2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如:am(is)-was,are-were,go-went,come-came,take-took,have(has)-had等。III.一般过去时的几种句型肯定句结构为:主语+动词的过去式+其它。如:He went to the toy store yesterday.他昨天去玩具店了。否定句结构为:主语+did not(didnt)+动词原形+其它。如:He didnt go to the toy store yesterday.他昨天没去玩具店。一般过去时的一般疑问句的构成:Did
47、+主语动词原形其它?如:1)-Did you go to Beijing last week?-Yes,we did.(No,we didnt.)2)-Did you meet the businessman before?-No,I didnt.(Yes,I did.)一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成:疑问词 did+主语动词原形其它?如:1)-Whatdid you do last night?-I did my homework.2)-Where did you go last week?-I went to Shanghai with my parents.一般过去时口诀:一般过去时并不难
48、,表示过去动作、状态记心间。动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。否定句很简单,didnt 站在动词原形前,其它部分不要变。一般疑问句也好变,did 放在句子前,主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记。一般将来时一般将来时be going to 出生在一般将来时家族里。表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。be going to由三个词组成。这三个词分开来都有自己的意思。但组合在一起,只表示打算,将要。其中be妈妈会根据主语的人称变化派出孩子们is,am,are来完成任务。to是不定式符号。它有一个脾气,跟在它后面的动词必须
49、是动词原形.首先,展示句型。一、陈述句(肯定句)在肯定句中,主语+be(am/is/are)+going to+动词原形+其它。如:1、I am going to work hard this term.我打算这学期努力学习。2、He is going to buy a new CD after school.我放学后要去买张新 CD。3、They are going to visit their teacher tommrow.他们明天要去看望他们的老师。在否定句要在 be 的后面加 not.1、I am not going to play football after school.我不打
50、算踢足球。2、She is not going to watch TV this afternool.今天下午她不打算看电视。3、We are not going to the cinema at night.我们今晚不看电影。二、一般疑问句:Be(am is are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其它,如:1、Are you going to read books tonight?-Yes,I am.-No,I am not.2、Is he going to buy a comic book this morning?-Yes,he is.-No,he is not.三、特殊疑问句疑问