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1、文献出处：Fransoo J C.Green Logistics:Enablers for Sustainable Development J.Supply chain management:an international journal,2014,8(2):122-131.原文 GREEN LOGISTICS:ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Jan C.Fransoo Eindhoven University of Technology,Netherlands 1 INTRODUCTION Logistics is the backbone of
2、industry and commerce.As a discipline,it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains.These activities include freight transport,storage,inventory management,materials handling and related information processing.A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced
3、 to specialized providers that provide cost-effective services.Research has shown that,at least in high income economies,the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone.In making decisions,logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external e
4、ffects such as emissions,pollution,noise,and accidents.The last LPI report release in 2012,for instance,pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries,environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere.Mounting regulatory pressure,together with changes in customer prefe
5、rences,are the main drivers of this phenomenon.One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics,especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned.Research,including a recent book by Alan McKinnon,has established that green Logistics i
6、s an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics.From a policy standpoint,and especially for the global environment,green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well:estimates vary,but about 15%of global greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)can be traced to logistics activi
7、ties.Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area.Rather,the supply chain perspective provides a framework to understand and deal with issues that are separate but ultimately interrelated.Importantly,looking at supply chains helps policy makers understand the interests and actions of privat
8、e sector operators.Green Logistics may therefore propose a number of tools and identify emerging sustainable solutions contributing to the overarching objective of green Growth.From a policy perspective,logistics cut across several areas and sectors.The performance of supply chains depends on areas
9、or activities where government as regulator or catalyst of investment is critical,such as:Transport infrastructure:road and rail corridors,ports and airports The efficiencies of logistics services:services include not only modal freight transport,but also warehousing and intermediary services,such a
10、s brokers and forwarders,and related information-flow management.In modern economies,the trend is towards integration in multi-activity logistics providers(3PLs,4PLs)to which industrial and commercial firms outsource their supply chain activities.Understanding the regulatory dimension of services is
11、 becoming increasingly critical to the development of effective policies in areas such as:professional and operational standards,regulation of entry in market and professions,competition,enforcement.Procedures applying to the merchandise,such as trade procedures(customs and other controls).The soft
12、infrastructure that supports information or financial flow associated with the physical movements along supply chains:IT infrastructure,payment systems.The concept of national logistics performance capturing the outcome of these policies is widely recognized by policy makers and the private sector w
13、orldwide as a critical contribution to national competitiveness.A key question for sustainable development is how to integrate supply chain participants concern with environmental sustainability with the concept of national logistics performance.Within logistics,transport creates the largest environ
14、mental footprint.But the volume of emissions can vary greatly,depending on the mode of transport.The volume of emission per ton per km increases by an order of magnitude from maritime to land transportation and to air transportation.This is a key environmental aspect of logistics that is not taken i
15、nto consideration by most supply chain operators.Logistics experts typically integrate freight modes and other related activities so that the transport and distribution network is used in the most efficient manner,which is important for keeping emissions in check,as well.Depending on the type of ind
16、ustry and geographical region,supply chain operators can place varying emphasis on the reliability of supply chains,as well.In summary,supply chain choices typically include multiple criteria and trade-offs,and this makes an analysis of their environmental impact complex;the most environmentally fri
17、endly choices do not only depend on mode of transportation,but also on other elements,such as efficiency and reliability.To reduce the environmental footprint of a supply chain,the focus should be on several dimensions and should select the best mode of transport,efficient movements,and innovation.C
18、omprehensive work on greening individual modes of transportation is already available.Here,the key drivers have been energy efficiency and the urge to diminish various types of emission.Given the integrated nature of supply chains,however,the manner in which price signals and incentives catalyze sup
19、ply chain structure is a rather intricate problem:lower-emission modes of transport(maritime,e.g.)are typically also less reliable or have other limitations(such as maritime access to a landlocked country).Such limitations may include the cost of such technologies,the temperature range within which
20、they can be used or the availability of certain types of fuel.It is therefore critical to complement the current knowledge about emissions produced by different modes of transportation with an understanding of what drives the demand for Green Logistics within supply chains.The emerging response is l
21、ikely to take the form of top-down policy,such as measures in the form of standards or taxes addressing emissions(GHG,SO2,NOx)by mode of freight.For instance,a cap on SO2 emissions on major maritime routes will go into effect at the end of 20152.At least as important is the response from the bottom
22、up.These are supply-chain strategies coming from the private sector in response to policy or price changes,but also demand from consumers,clients and stake-holders.Green Supply Chain management has to be taken seriously by policy makers.An exclusive focus on price mechanism(including taxes),as is th
23、e current tendency,may miss some of the major driver of changes in supply chain management.Another complication,at least in the context of international trade,is that the focus on the impact on international logistics does not capture the footprint of production processes.These processes may have di
24、fferent impact than the supply chain itself,as in the case of food production.There is also evidence that much of the environmental footprint of logistics operations is tied to short distances and distribution.Green Logistics is intimately linked with concerns such as urban congestion,and innovation
25、s in Logistics are critical to sustainable supply chains.Grassroots innovations in Logistics have recently flourished,often producing win-win solutions in terms of jobs and the environment.More generally,there is increasing awareness that green supply chains can be also competitive,either because th
26、e awareness of the environment helps productivity or because consumers expect it,particularly in wealthy countries.A concrete case in point is also the so-called sulphur emission regulation by IMO that enters into force on January 1,2015 in most of North Sea,Baltic Sea and along west and east coasts
27、 of US&Canada(bar Alaska).Ships have to go over from fuel with 1.5%sulphur to 0.1%sulphur or invest in so-called scrubbers,that absorb the sulphur from exhaust gases;technology that is still nascent in the maritime context.Scrubber investment per cargo ship is USD 2 million and uo with multiples as
28、the ship engine size increases,with annual maintenance cost approx.7-10%of investment.This seemingly innocent and rather technical change is going to have a huge impact on shipping and the spillover effect to other modes&Supply chains are goi ng to be significant Green Logistics also encompasses pot
29、entially longer-term concerns.A green focus within logistics analysis could examine a supply chain vulnerability to climate events or to large swings in the price of transport inputs,for instance.A recent volcanic episode in Iceland showed the vulnerability of one specific supply chain that relies h
30、eavily on air freight fresh produce coming from Africa spoiled when flights were cancelled because of the volcanic ash.Resilience concerns and other form of uncertainty are likely to shape supply chain choices by regional and global operators.Given the importance of trade in components and intra-fir
31、m trade,how large operators develop green supply chain strategies will have profound economic impact.Resilient and greener supply chains are likely to be less extended and leaner,for example,though the consequences for trade and integration of low income economies cannot be treated fully here.Policy
32、 makers should be concerned by both the supply and demand aspects of logistics environmental dimensions.So far,the policy focus has been on modal footprint and has not taken into account a supply chain perspective.There have not been major initiatives in Green Logistics,even in the countries most se
33、nsitive to the issue,such as those in Northern Europe.Rather the most important changes have occurred as a combination of largely uncoordinated public and private initiatives:voluntary behavior by shippers,innovation in terms of technology,information(environmental logistics dashboard)or services,or
34、 common public-private objectives such as in modal shifts.2 DEFINING GREEN LOGISTICS AND GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT There are many variations in the terminology regarding green logistics and green supply chain management.This section aims at providing a brief overview on some of the key terms use
35、d in the literature.Green logistics refers mainly to environmental issues related to transportation,material handling and storage,inventory control,warehousing,packaging,and facility location allocation decisions(Min&Kim,2012).Gonzalez-Benito and Gonzalez-Benito(2006)use the term environmental logis
36、tics to describe logistics practices that are divided into supply/purchasing,transportation,warehousing and distribution,and reverse logistics and waste management.Although distribution is considered to be one of the interrelated areas of supply chain management,the term green distribution has also
37、been used to describe the whole process of integrating environmental concerns into transportation,packaging,labelling and reverse logistics(Shi et al.,2012).Reverse logistics is often used as a synonym to efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the supply chain by recycling,reusing and remanuf
38、acturing.However,originally green logistics was used to describe the movement of the material against the primary flow in the form of commercial returns,wrong deliveries and recalls etc.,i.e.from the customer towards the producer.(Rogers&Tibben-Lembke,2001.)In addition to reverse logistics,closed-lo
39、op supply chain has also been used to emphasize that the reverse flow of material(e.g.Zhu et al.,2008).However,the activities motivated mainly by environmental concerns might be better labelled as green reverse logistics(Hazen,Cegielski&Hanna,2011)or in the more general terms of green or environment
40、al logistics(Rogers&Tibben-Lembke,2001)instead of reverse logistics or closed-loop supply chains.The above-mentioned concepts are mainly used to describe the actions taken by the logistics service provider side.Green supply chain management(GSCM)is a more extensive concept that has been gaining incr
41、easing interest among practitioners and academia and is mainly directed towards manufacturing companies.The term implies that the focus of environmental management has shifted from a facility or organization level to supply chain level(Linton et al.,2007).Srivastava(2007)defines that GSCM is integra
42、ting environmental thinking into supply chain management,including product design,material sourcing and selection,manufacturing processes,delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life.GSCM is also known as environmental supply c
43、hain management(ESCM)(e.g.Zsidisin&Siferd,2001;Walker et al.,2008).Some authors(e.g.Seuring&Meller,2008;Craig&Carter,2008)use sustainable supply chain management(SSCM)as a synonym of GSCM or ESCM although they mostly focus on the environmental aspect of sustainability,thereby paying less attention o
44、n economic and social aspects.According to Zhu et al.(2005)GSCM is strongly related to inter-organisational activities such as industrial ecosystems,industrial ecology,product life cycle analysis,extended producer responsibility and product stewardship.GSCM is often described to consist of green pur
45、chasing,green manufacturing,green distribution/green marketing and reverse logistics(Hervani et al.,2005).Green or environmental purchasing or green supply refers to efforts to improve environmental performance of purchased inputs or of suppliers that provide them(Bowen et al.,2001).Green manufactur
46、ing is typically tried to be achieved by various types of environmental practices,such as pollution control,pollution prevention and product stewardship(Hart,1995).The definitions of GSCM emphasize that environmentally conscious practices are evident in all stages of the supply chain and the product
47、 life-cycle(Hervani et al.,2005).Furthermore,Vachon and Klassen(2006)divide these green supply chain management practices into two sets:one of them being environmental monitoring and the other environmental collaboration.In the former the focus is on arm length transaction in which the buying organi
48、sation evaluates and monitors its suppliers,and in the latter the environmental solutions are developed jointly.GSCM activities aim at achieving market advantages and profits while reducing environmental impacts.One generally used concept to measure the effect of supply chain activities on natural e
49、nvironment is the environmental or ecological footprint.It accounts for human demand on global biological resources and compares the level of consumption with the available amount of bioproductive land and sea area and has been designed to show whether this ustainability threshold is exceeded(Wiedma
50、nn&Barrett,2010).Lately the use of carbon footprint has increased rapidly but the question still remains whether it should contain only carbon dioxide emissions or other greenhouse gas emissions as well(Wiedmann&Minx,2007).The increasing interest in environmental issues has led to the development of