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1、主语 句子一般要有主语。在简单句中，主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式（短语）来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用 it 作形式主语。一：名词 English is very important.英语是很重要的。The students all love their English teacher.这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。A mooncake is a delicious,round cake.The first truck is carrying a few baskets.The temperature will stay above zero.The doctor look
2、ed over Mrs.Brown very carefully.China does not want to copy the USA?s example.二：代词 They go to school by bus.他们乘公共汽车上学。Most of the students come from the countryside.大多数学生来自农村。It?s a young forest.I don?t know if it will grow.That?s a bit expensive.三：动名词 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看电视太
3、多对你的眼睛是有害的。It?s no use regretting it.后悔是无用的。四：数词 例如:One and two is three.One is not enough for me.I want one more.One of them is English.Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.Two will be enough.五：动词不定式（短语）（常以 It?s adj.to do sth.形式出现）To see is to believe.眼见为实。It is very hard to get to sleep.入睡很
4、难。To give is better than to receive=Its better to give.I found it difficult to get to sleep.It?s glad to see you again.It was difficult to say.But it?s good to swim in summer.六 IT 作主语 1）指代刚刚提到的事物:What?s this?It?s a bus.（指代 what）2）指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人:Who?s knocking the door?It?s me.（指代 who）Who?s the ba
5、by in the picture?It?s my sister.（指代 who）3）表示时间，天气，距离:What?s the time?It?s eight o?clock.（时间）What?s it going to be tomorrow?It?s going to be rainy.（天气）How far is it?It?s about one kilometre away.（距离）七（THERE 引起的 There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后 There are many different kinds of mooncakes.There will be a st
6、rong wind.谓语 谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语 的动词一般为行为动词（表动作）和连系动词（表状态），行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。一：及物动词作谓语 We should help each other.我们应该互相帮助。They respect one another.他们互相尊重（对方）。All of the students like the novel.所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。3 Did you see many people there?你在那儿看见许多人了吗 不及物动词作谓语 The bo
7、x itself is not so heavy.谓语 predicate verb 谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词+主要动词）构成，He left here yesterday.他昨天离开这儿。You?re driving too fast.你开车开得太快了。The teacher came in,book in hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着书。He went abroad in the September of 1988.他于 1988年 9 月出国。连系动词表状态 He is an excellent teacher.他是位优秀的教师。Her son is a frien
8、d of ours.她的儿子是我们的朋友。Ours is a great country.我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。箱子本身并不重。繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类 一：简单谓语。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。谓 语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如:I（like）walking.我喜欢走路。（一般现在时主 动语态）I（made）your birthday cake last night.昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。（一般过去 时主动语态）It（is used）by travelers and business people all o
9、ver the world.全世界旅行 者和商人都使用它（一般现在时被动语态）二：复合谓语 可分为两种情况:第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带 to 的动词不定式构成的重复谓语:What does this word mean?这个单词是什么意思,I won t do it again.我不会再 做它。I ll go and move away the bag 我会移走这袋米的。You d better catch a bus.你最好乘坐公交车。第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。You look the same.你（们）看起来一样.We are all go home，我们回家吧。My
10、pen is in my bag.我的钢笔在我的书包里。I fell tired all the time.我整天 感到疲惫.He seemed rather tired last night.上紧密联系，不宜分割。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:他昨天看起来相当的累.连系动词和表语在意思 can(could),may(might),must,need,ought to,dare(dared),shall(should),will(would).情态动词的位置:情态动词在句中放在 谓语动词 之前,谓语动词前若有 助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句 中,情态 动词则在 主语 之前。英语中助
11、动词有哪些（1）am,is,are,was,were,（帮助变进行时态，帮助变被动语态）（2）do,does,did（帮助句子变疑问句,否定句,强调谓语动词作用）（3）has,have（帮助句子变现在完成时态作用）（4）had,（帮助句子变过去完成时态,以及虚拟语气倒装）（5）will,shall（帮助句子变一般将来时态）（6）would,should（帮助句子变过去将来时态）（7）be going to（帮助句子变一般将来时态）谓语的辨别 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别 1）谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独 作谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English.玛丽教
12、我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来 到了我们教室和我们谈话。（to have a talk.不定式作状语）2）谓语动词受主语的人称 和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。Larke likes the pop music.拉克喜欢流行 音乐。（动词用单数第三人称形式）Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天没什么事要 做。（do用原形）3）非谓语动词的特征：如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。Studying
13、 English is my favorite.学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）2 非谓语 动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。Working under such a condition is terrible.在 这样的环境下工作太可怕了。（under such a condition 是 working 的状语）Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.他在这么短的时间内掌握英 语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语）3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。I am sorry t
14、o have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的 完成形式）Seen from the mountain,the city looks much more beautiful.从山上看，这 座城市美丽多了。（Seen from.是分词的被动形式）4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者 形容词来使用。Our coming made him happy.我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用）There are two big swimming pools here.这儿有两个大型游泳池。（swimming 起形容词作 用）
15、表语 表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动 名 词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如 They are brother and sister.他们是兄妹。What I want to say is this.我想说的就是这点。Her father is sixty-five.她父亲 65 岁。John is captain of the team.约翰是足球队的队长。The poor boy was myself.那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。The ones who really want it are ourselves.真正想要它的是我们自己。All yo
16、u need do is to take a taxi from the airport.你只需从机场打个的即可。My favourite sport is swimming.我最喜爱的运 动是游泳。宾语 宾语是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代 词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。宾语又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。宾语分 为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，如:I like Chinese food.我喜欢中国菜。I bought a ticket for Milan.我买了一张去米兰的车票。I enjoyed talking to you.我和你谈话很高
17、兴。Have you finished dressing?你衣服穿好了吗?He certainly did not want to join them.他确实不想参加他们的活动。They decided to close the border.他们决定封闭边境。We hoped that all would come well.我们希望一切都会好转。We expected that you would stay for a few days.我们预计你会待几天的。一：双宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，其中一个宾语多指人，另一个宾语指物，指人的宾语叫 做间接宾语，指物的宾语叫做直接宾语。间接宾
18、语一般放在直接宾语的前面，如果强调直接宾 语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加 to。比如 pass me the book 中，me是间接宾语，指人，也是近宾语；the book是直接宾语，指物，也是远宾语。又如：They gave him a watch.这里的 him 是间接宾语，a watch 是直接宾语，这种间接宾语和直接 宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语。常用宾语 常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有：bring,give,teach,buy,lend,find,hand,leave,sell,show,read 等。My father bought me a book.我父亲给我
19、买了一本书。Give the rubber to me.把橡皮给我。Please give the letter to XiaoLi.请把这封信给小李。I bought a new dictionary.我买了本新字典。宾语补足语 宾语补足语是位于之后，说明宾语的状态，特征的成分，多由名词，形容词，副词，不定 式，动名词和分词充当。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的，双宾语是同等地位的宾语，者在本质上是不同的。有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语，否则意思不完 整，它们一起构成复合宾语，复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据，宾语
20、可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。We all call him LaoWang.我们都叫他老王。Please color it red.请给它涂上红颜色。We found the little girl in the hill.我们在山上找到了小女孩。三：复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语=复合宾语 定语 定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一 般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语）或句充 当。在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。The man downstairs couldn?t sleep well.楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。Hi
21、s father is a doctor.他父亲是一名医生。Mr.Green has two sons.格林先生有两个儿子。The girl under the tree is Kate.I bought a new dictionary.我买了本新字典。you like something to drink?你想要些喝的东西吗,A barking dog seldom bites.吠狗很少咬人。A man going to die is always kind-hearted.人之将死，其言也善。The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted
22、.往委员会的建议被采纳了。Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr.Green?认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗,状语 英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词 充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原 因、结果、伴随等。1（说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，结果方式，条件或伴随情况，程度等情况的 词叫状语。2（状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴 随状况等。3、状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词
23、的词或短语来担 当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等 A、副词一般在句子中做状语 He speaks English very well.他英语说得非常好.He is playing under the tree.中的 under the tree 是地点状语.B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.C、介词短语 Ten years ago,She began to live in Dalian.Can you find out the answer to the question,你能找到这个问
24、题的答案吗,Would The boy was praised for his bravery.We usually go to school on foot.我们通常步行去上学。D从句作状语 When she was 12 years old,she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you.E、分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife,he left home in a bad temper Inhibited in one dire
25、ction,it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.(1)时间状语 I often get up at 5:30 in the morning.Hearing the news,they felt very excited.along this street until you reach the end.(2)地点状语 Pandas only live in China.我常常在早上 5:30 起床。听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。Go 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。熊猫仅生活在中国。You should put t
26、he book where it was.(3)程度状语 你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。I have quite a lot of work to do.(4)目的状语 我有相当多的工作要做。We?ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报 He 纸。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.她早早地起床，以便能 够赶上这辆
27、早班车。(5)方式状语 Please do it as I told you.请按我告诉你的去做。(6)让步状语 Though she has a lot of money,she is unhappy.虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。No matter what happens,I will never lose heart.无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。(7)条件状语 If you don?t work hard,you?ll fall behind the others.假如你不努力学习，你将落 后于别人。Given more attention,the flowers would hav
28、e grown better.如果给予更多 的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。(8)比较状语 Your watch is not the same as mine.你的手表与我的不一样。Mike is not as(so)tall as Jack.迈克不及杰克高。(9)原因状语 We didn?t go to the park because of the bad weather.由于天气不好，我们没有去公 园。I?m glad to meet you.见到你我很高兴。Being ill,he didn?t go to school.由于病了，他没有去上学。(10)结果状语 5 The wind
29、was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风是如此地猛烈，以致 于我们寸步难行。He left early,so that he caught the train.他早早地离去，(结果)因此赶上了火 车。(11)伴随状语 Please do it as I told you.请按我告诉你的去做。The doctor hurried off,with a medicine box under his arm.这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。The teacher came into the classroom,followed by
30、a group of his students.进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。宾语补足语 宾语补足语:某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补 足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的 名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾 语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等 充当。如:Tom found the climb quite easy.汤姆觉得爬山很容易。Don?t be so formal.Call me Jim.不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好
31、了。I?m finished.Let?s go now.我已干完，咱们走吧。You must keep it clean.你要把它保持干净。I have the car waiting.我让汽车等着。We had the machine repaired.我们请人修理了机器。Why don?t you have your hair cut?你为什么不理发?He had his finger cut.他的手指弄伤了。I had my watch stolen yesterday.我的表昨天被人偷去了。I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。She has plen
32、ty of clothes to wear.她有足够的衣服穿。He made me repeat the story.他要我把那事重讲一遍。Rain makes plants grow.雨水使植物生长。注意:后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call,name,think,make,choose 等，后跟形容 词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep,find,get,think,make老师 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语 时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listen to,look at 等)，使役动词(如 let,have,make
33、 等)，动词不定式不带 to。补语 英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语，具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能，在句法上是 不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容 词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。1 主语的补语 它用在系动词后，是句子的一个基本成分。常用主,系,表结构。1.1 I saw her with them,at least,I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起，至少，至少我认为是她。(her 做宾 语，them 做介词宾语，her 做主语补语)1.2.Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了
34、花瓶,-Me.-我。(me 做主语补语=Its me.)1.3 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.(she 做主语补 语)约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。2 宾语的补语 不定式(to do)Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。We made him copy the sentence.He is made to copy the sentence.I
35、 felt my hands tremble.We all like sports.我们都喜欢运动。名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor.I think your brother a clever boy.形容词 What you said made Xiao Wang angry.I found the classroom empty 副词 Please call the students back at once.He was seen to take his cap off.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hal
36、l.I found him lying in bed,sleeping.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water.I heard it spoken of in the next room.同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个 句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同 位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。This is Miss Chen,our English teacher.We all like sports.我们都喜欢运动。这是陈小姐，我们的英语老师。My parents both are teacher.我父母俩都是老师。