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1、Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk - Citing Medicine - NCBI BookshelfNCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers Internet. 2nd edit
2、ion. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers Internet. 2nd edition.Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor.Bethesda (MD): ; 2007-.Search termChapter 21Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk Created: October 10
3、, 2007; Last Update: August 10, 2021.Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, orDisk The general format for a reference to a computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,including punctuation:A computer program, also known as software, is a collection or organized lis
4、t ofinstructions for a computer to enable it to process data, perform tasks, and/orsolve problems. In medicine, computer programs are often used to instruct ontechniques and to assist in performing a variety of tasks, such as organizingpatient data.A computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited
5、 in a way similar to a book, butwith these exceptions:The type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) is placed in square brackets afterthe title because special equipment is needed to view/use programs.Extent (pagination) is given in terms of the number and type of physicalpieces, such as 1 DVD or 2 CD-ROMs
6、.Physical description such as color and size may be added after theextent.System requirements such as the names and versions of any requiredsoftware and hardware may be included as a note.The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a computer programis, in order of preference:
7、the opening screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, ordisk; the jewel case (carrying case); and accompanying print documentation.Continue to .Continue to .Continue to .Citation Rules with Examples for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, orDisk Components/elements are listed in the order they should ap
8、pear in a reference. An Rafter the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after thename means it is optional.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Author/Editor for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(required)General Rules for Author/EditorList names in the order they appear on t
9、he opening screens, thejewel case (carrying case), or in accompanying materialEnter surname (family or last name) first for eachauthor/editorCapitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as theyappear in the document cited on the assumption that the authorapproved the form used. For example:
10、Van Der Hornor van der Horn; De Wolfor de Wolf or DeWolf.Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for amaximum of two initials following each surnameGive all authors/editors, regardless of the numberSeparate author/editor names from each other by a comma and aspaceIf there are no aut
11、hors, only editors, follow the last namededitor with a comma and the word editor or editors; see below if there are authors and editorsEnd author/editor information with a periodSpecific Rules for Author/EditorSurnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.Other surname rules.Given names contai
12、ning punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, orparticle.Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) orcharacter-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).Non-English wo
13、rds for editor.Organizations as author.No author can be found.Options for author names.Examples for Author/Editor1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.Author Affiliation for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(optional)General Rules for Author AffiliationEnter the affiliation of all authors or only the first au
14、thorBegin with the department and name of the institution, followedby city and state/Canadian province/countryUse commas to separate parts of the addressPlace the address in parentheses, such as (Department ofPsychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)Separate the affiliation from its auth
15、or by a spaceFollow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closingparenthesis, unless the affiliation is for the last author, thenuse a periodSpecific Rules for Author AffiliationAbbreviations in affiliations.E-mail address included.Organizational names for affiliations not in English.Names
16、 for cities and countries not in English.Examples for Author Affiliation8.Title for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)General Rules for TitleEnter the program title as it appears on the opening screens, inthe original languageCapitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns,
17、 properadjectives, acronyms, and initialismsUse a colon followed by a space to separate a title from asubtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a questionmark, period, or an exclamation point) is already presentFollow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible;place the tran
18、slation in square bracketsEnd a title with a spaceSpecific Rules for TitleTitles not in English.Titles in more than one language.Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or anotherspecial character.No title can be found.Examples for Title9.
19、 10. 11. 12.Content Type for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)General Rules for Content TypeA content type alerts the user that the reference is not to astandard book but to a computer programBegin content type information with a left square bracketEnter the words computer program
20、 onEnd content type with space and the (below)Examples for Content Type1.Type of Medium for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(required)General Rules for Type of MediumIndicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disc, etc.) followingthe title (and , if present)Place the name of the medium in sq
21、uare brackets and end with aperiod, such as DVD.Add information about the medium according to the instructionsunder belowSpecific Rules for Type of MediumBoth a content type and a type of medium.More than one type of medium.Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.Titles not in English.Examp
22、les for Type of Medium1. 13.Edition for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)General Rules for EditionIndicate the edition/version being cited when a program ispublished in more than one edition or versionAbbreviate common words (seebelow)Capitalize only the first word of the edition
23、statement, propernouns, and proper adjectivesExpress numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. Forexample: second becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.End the edition statement with a periodAbbreviation rules for editions.Specific Rules for EditionNon-English words for editions.First editions.Bot
24、h an edition and a version.Examples for Edition14. 15.Editor and other Secondary Authors for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, orDisk (optional)General Rules for Editor and other Secondary AuthorsA secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examplesinclude editors, producers, translators, and
25、 illustrators.Place the names of secondary authors after the title, followingany Content Type or Type of MediumUse the same rules for the format of names given in AuthoraboveFollow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor oreditors; the last named illustrator with a comma and the wordi
26、llustrator or illustrators, etc.End secondary author information with a periodIf there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors andtranslators (but not producers) to the author position in thereferenceSpecific Rules for Editor and other Secondary AuthorsMore than one type of secondary au
27、thor.Secondary author performing more than one role.Non-English names for secondary authors.Organization as editor or other secondary author.Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors4. 5. 7. 16.Place of Publication for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(required)General Rules for Place
28、of PublicationPlace is defined as the city where the program was publishedFollow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviationfor the state or province (see ) to avoid confusion when citing lesserknown cities or when cities in different locations have the samename, such as Palm Springs (CA
29、) and Palm Springs (FL)Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country,either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see), whenciting lesser known cities or when cities in different locationshave the same name, such as London (ON) and London (England)Use the anglicized form
30、 for a non-US city, such as Vienna forWeinEnd place information with a colonSpecific Rules for Place of PublicationNon-US cities.Joint publication.Multiple places of publication.No place of publication can be found.Examples for Place of Publication17. 18. 19. 20.Publisher for Computer Programs on CD
31、-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)General Rules for PublisherGive the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication,using whatever capitalization and punctuation is foundAbbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoidconfusion. For example, John Wiley Sons, Ltd. may becomesimply Wile
32、y.When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appearsin the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example:McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.End publisher information with a semicolonSpecific Rules for PublisherAbbreviated words in publisher names.Non-English names for p
33、ublishers.Government agencies and other national and international bodies aspublisher.Joint publication.Multiple publishers.No publisher can be found.Examples for Publisher21. 22. 23.Date of Publication for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(required)General Rules for Date of PublicationAlway
34、s give the year of publicationConvert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to2000.Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year,such as 2004 MayUse English names for months and abbreviate them using the firstthree letters, such as JanEnd date of publication information wi
35、th a period unless ais included, then use a spaceSpecific Rules for Date of PublicationMultiple years of publication.Non-English names for months.Seasons instead of months.Date of publication and date of copyright.No date of publication, but a date of copyright.No date of publication or copyright ca
36、n be found.Options for date of publication.Examples for Date of Publication24. 25. 26. 27.Date of Update/Revision for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(required)General Rules for Date of Update/RevisionA program may be updated or otherwise revised after the date ofpublicationUse whatever wor
37、ding for update/revision is found, such asupdated, revised, or modifiedEnter date information in the format year month day, such asupdated 2006 Oct 2Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the firstthree letters, such as JanPlace all update/revision information in square brackets, suc
38、h asupdated 2006 Oct 2End date of update/revision with a period placed outside theclosing bracketSpecific Rules for Date of Update/RevisionNon-English names for months.Seasons instead of months.Both a date of update and a date of revision.Extent (Pagination) for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or
39、Disk(optional)General Rules for Extent (Pagination)Give the total number of physical pieces on which the programappearsFollow the number with the name of the medium, such as 2 CD-ROMsor 4 computer disksEnd extent information with a period unless physical descriptionis included, then use a colonSpeci
40、fic Rules for Extent (Pagination)More than one type of medium.Examples for Extent (Pagination)1. 28.Physical Description for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk(optional)General Rules for Physical DescriptionGive information on the physical characteristics of the program,such as 1 CD-ROM: colo
41、r, 4 3/4 in.Specific Rules for Physical DescriptionLanguage for describing physical characteristics.More than one type of medium.Examples for Physical Description1. 28.Series for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)General Rules for SeriesBegin with the name of the seriesCapitalize o
42、nly the first word and proper nounsFollow the name with any numbers provided. For example, vol. 3for a volume or no. 12 for an issue number.Separate the title and the number by a semicolon and a spacePlace series information in parenthesesEnd series information with a period placed outside the closi
43、ngparenthesisSpecific Rules for SeriesSeries editors name provided.Multiple series.Examples for Series29.Language for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)General Rules for LanguageGive the language of publication if not EnglishCapitalize the language nameFollow the language name with
44、 a periodSpecific Rules for LanguagePrograms appearing in more than one language.Examples for Language11. 12.Notes for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)General Rules for NotesNotes is a collective term for any further information givenafter the citationComplete sentences are not r
45、equiredBe briefSpecific Rules for NotesSystem requirements.Other types of material to include in notes.Examples for Notes30. 31.Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk1. Standard citation to a computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, edi
46、tors. The athletes shoulder DVD.Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound,color, 4 3/4 in.Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistantCD-ROM. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4in.Nelson KN. Compr
47、ehensive body composition software disk. Release 1.0 for DOS.Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in.with optional content typePearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athletes shouldercomputer program onDVD. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of OrthopaedicSurge
48、ons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistantcomputer program onCD-ROM. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software computer program on disk. Release1.0 for DOS.