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1、备战2023年高考英语语法知识串讲03非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分 词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。一、不定式的定义及用法1 .做主语It took us four hours to finish the work.动词不定式做主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,常用结构为:It + be + adj. (+for sb. / of sbo ) + to do sth.; It + takes/took + sb. + some time + to do slh。
2、注意:形式主语结构中如果使用表示人的品质的形容词,如I kind, nice, clever等时,应当使用of sb.的结构。例如:k is very nice of you to help me with the project.2 .做宾语Jamie Oliver wants to improve school dinners.有此动词后面只能用不定式做宾语,如want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect, would like等。有些动词后面可以用不定式也可以用动名词做宾语,含义相同,如like, start, begin等;有些动 词后面可以用不定式也可
3、以用动名词做宾语,含义不同,如stop, remember, forget, try, regret, mean 等。形式宾语,结构为:主语+谓语(表示内心活动如:find, think等)+il +adj. + to do sth。例如:I find it interesting to learn calligraphy o有些动词后加不带 to 的不定式做宾语,如 had better, would rather, would/ could you please, why not, why don t you 等。复合不定式结构做宾语。We didnt know what to do wi
4、th the big sofa.注意:复合不定式结构中,要区别what to do和how to do it。名师点睛:有些结构中的t。并不是不定式的标志而是介词,后面要加名词,代词或动名词。其他常用动词短语还有:pay attention to, be/get/become used to, be known (o, be/get married to, see to, belong to 等。3 .做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。后面常加不定式做宾语补足语的谓语动词有: tell, ask, want, allow, get, encourage 等。在一些使役动词
5、和感官动词后也使用不定式做宾语补足语,但此时不定式要省略to。有一口诀 可以快速有效记忆这些动词:四看(see, watch, notice, observe)三让(make, let, have)两听(hear, listen to)感觉(feel)半帮助(help)例如:Reading can make you grow better, develop your interests and help you learn new skills.注意:当不带I。的不定式做宾语补足语前面的动词变为被动语态时,省略的to要还原。例如:They saw him leave the house las
6、t night.变被动 He was seen to leave the house last nighto注意:现在分词和不定式做宾语补足语的含义区别。不带t。的不定式做宾语补足语,表示已 经完成了的或经常性的动作;现在分词做宾语补足语,表示正在进行着的动作。例如:We heard the girl playing the piano at this time last night.We hear the girl play the piano at this time every day.名师点睛:have sth. done结构中,过去分词做宾语补足语,表示动作由他人完成,含有被动意 义
7、且强调动作已经完成。例如:I had my hair cut before the party。4 .做状语I feel regretful to tell you that I wont be able to meet you at the airport.原因状语We set off early to catch the first bus.目的状语The old man is too weak to look after himself.结果状语5 .做定语There was nothing to see for the little boy in the Spring Festival
8、 Gala.二、动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式:Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(一般式)He came to the parly without being inviled.他未被邀请就来到 了晚会。(被动式)We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(完成式)He forgot having been taken to a strange village when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到一个陌生的村子去过。(完成被动式)I regret n
9、ot following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。(否定式)2、动名词的句法功能:1)作主语:Collecting stamps is my hobby.集邮是我的爱好。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。It* s no use crying.哭是没用的。2)作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is looking after the sick children.我们的工作是照顾那些生病的孩子&His hobby is playing chess.他的爱好是卜棋。3)作宾语:They haven t finished making up th
10、e plan.他们还没有制定完计划。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时, 若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:Wc found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。4)作定语:We should be keep quiet in the reading room.我们在阅览室里应该保持安静。5)作同位语:His habit, running in (he morning rema
11、ins unchanged.他早晨跑步的习惯仍未改变。三、分词现在分词1、现在分词的形式:1 .现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生, 完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:They went into the room, singing and laughing.他们边唱边笑走进屋子。Having done his homework, he played basketball.做完作业,他开始打篮球。2 .现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在调 语动词之前的被动的动作。The pro
12、blem being discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2、过去分词过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一 的规则要求,要一一记住。现在分词与过去分词的区别:1 .在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。the surprising news令人惊讶的消息a surprised man 一个感到惊讶的人a m
13、oving film 一部感人的电影the moved people被感动的人们confusing expression让人琢磨不透的表情confused expression迷惑不解的表情2 .在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。the developing country 发展中国家the developed country 发达 国 家the rising sun正在升起的太阳the risen sun升起来的太阳boiling water 沸水boiled water 开水非谓语动词易混辨析:1 .have sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事,hav
14、e可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的 具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。Our teacher had us speak English in groups.我们的老师让我们分组说英语。2 .havesb.doingsth.表示“使某人作出某种反应”或“劝说/命令某人做某事”;用于否定句时 表示“允许/容忍某人做某事”。Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.短短几分钟内他就令全体观众 欢笑、鼓掌。I wont have you cheating the customers.我不能容忍你欺骗顾客。3 .have sth.donc意为“让某事被别人做,即ask sb.clsc to do sth.,过去分词(done)所表示的动作 由他人(非主语本身)来完成。The gentleman had his car washed once a week.这个位绅士一周让人洗一次乍。