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1、1.English Sentence Writing1.1 Types of Sentences1.2 Basic Sentence Patterns1.3 Expanding Basic Sentence Patterns1.4 Sentence Structure Problems1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement新世纪实用英语写作新世纪实用英语写作新世纪实用英语写作新世纪实用英语写作1第1页/共45页第一页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。1.1 Types of English Sentences Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Com
2、plex Sentence Compound-complex sentence Declarative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence 2第2页/共45页第二页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。简单句：只包含一个主谓结构且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。e.g.He knows everything about it.复杂句：带有其他主谓结构作为句子成分的句子。e.g.He complained that what you said was not true.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句
3、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。e.g.Most of us were in the hall,the doors had been closed,and the latecomers had to wait outside.并列复杂句：包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分的句子。e.g.They watched television and enjoyed themselves inmensely,but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken.3第3页/共45页第三页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十
4、分。Do you know?The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.(Simple sentence)(Simple sentence)(Complex sentence)(Complex sentence)4第4页/共45页第四页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Do you know?There arent as many trees here as there us
5、ed to be.Did you hear about the new project?Please send my kind regards to your parents.How it thunders!雷打得真响啊!(Declarative(Declarative sentence)sentence)(Imperative(Imperative sentence)sentence)(Interrogative sentence)(Interrogative sentence)(Exclamatory(Exclamatory sentence)sentence)5第5页/共45页第五页，编
6、辑于星期六：四点 三十分。1.2 Basic Sentence PatternsuSV(subject+intransitive verb)主-动uSVC(subject+linking verb+subject complement)主-动-补uSVO(subject+transitive verb+direct object)主-动-宾uSVOiOd(subject+transitive verb+indirect object+direct object)主-动-宾-宾uSVOC(subject+transitive verb+object+object complement)主-动-宾
7、-补6第6页/共45页第六页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。SVThe guests have arrived.Things change.There exist a variety of different opinions on this question.P.S.P.S.There+be There+be是倒装结构,谓语还可以是appear,come,enter,exist,happen,lie,live,occur,remain,rise,seem,stand等。新世纪实用英语写作新世纪实用英语写作新世纪实用英语写作7第7页/共45页第七页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。SVCHard w
8、ork and honesty are the keys to success.Without suitable preservation,food goes bad easily.P.S.系动词还有appear,become,grow,prove,run,seem,feel,look,smell,sound,taste等。新世纪实用英语写作8第8页/共45页第八页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。SVOStudents often recite useful phrases to be used in their compositions.Do you mind filling out this
9、 application form?P.S.以动名词作宾语的动词包括avoid,admit,deny,enjoy,finish,keep,mind,postpone,recommend,prefer,require,resume,risk,quit,practice 等。新世纪实用英语写作9第9页/共45页第九页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。SVOiOd(SVoO)一位朋友给我带来一本内科学的教科书。A friend of mine brought me a textbook of lexicology.OR:A friend of mine brought a textbook of lex
10、icology to me.P.S.此句型的动词有bring,buy,fetch,get,give,lend,offer,save,sell,send,show,take,wish等。新世纪实用英语写作10第10页/共45页第十页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。SVOC在SVOC结构中，及物动词之后跟宾语和宾语补语。Today,we call Einstein a genius.They believe it important to make an early diagnosis of cancer.P.S.主谓宾补结构的常见动词有believe,call,consider,cut,elect
11、,find,have,keep,leave,let,like,make,name,polish,think,want,wish等。11第11页/共45页第十一页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。On Auguest 6,1945,an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima./The bomb exploded 1,000 ft.above the ground./Within the fraction of a second,the bomb changed from a metal cylinder
12、into an immense mass of expanding gas,millions of degrees hot./The air itself around the point of explosion began to burn./A shower of penetrating invisible rays attacked every living or dead thing in the town./Then followed a shock-wave(冲击波)which shattered the buildings and a tremendous blast of ho
13、t air whirled the debris of stone,concrete,metal and wood over the ground./The explosion killed at least 140,000 people and left tens of thousands of others disfigured for life.12第12页/共45页第十二页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Compare the following sentences：Hong Kong is a very large city.Hong Kong is an overcrowded an
14、d commercialized city.Hong Kong is an overcrowded and commercialized city with a population of over seven million.1.3 Expanding Sentences13第13页/共45页第十三页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。How to expand sentences?(1)Addition 增添法(2)Coordination 并列法(3)Subordination 从属法14第14页/共45页第十四页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。（1）AdditionuExpanding wit
15、h Modifier Words(Expanding with Modifier Words(修饰词修饰词)uExpanding with Modifier PhrasesExpanding with Modifier Phrases (修饰短语修饰短语)a.a.用介词短语扩展用介词短语扩展b.用不定式短语扩展 c.用动名词短语扩展 d.用分词短语扩展15第15页/共45页第十五页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Put multi-modifiers in order：限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等）数词一般描绘性形容词（短词语在前，长词语在后）表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示形状
16、的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词表示用途、类别的形容词。16第16页/共45页第十六页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。简化版：限定描绘大长高形状年龄和新老颜色国籍出材料作用类别往后靠17教室里有一张新的日本制造圆形红色木质大课桌。第17页/共45页第十七页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Examples of modifier phrasesWith great feeling,Martin Luther King,Jr.expressed his dream of freedom.介词短语Its difficult to make
17、a decision without knowing all the facts.不定式短语The ganitor staggered down the stairway,gasping for air.动名词短语A new technique having been worked out,the yields this year as a whole increased by 30%in this area.分词短语18第18页/共45页第十八页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。（2）Coordination Expanding with Compound Sentences(并列句)a.使用并
18、列连词and,or,but,not only.but also,so,either.or,yet.b.使用连接副词however,moreover,otherwise,therefore,besides.c.使用分号连接 Expanding with Parallelism（平行结构）19第19页/共45页第十九页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Expanding with ParallelismYouth is not a time of life;it is a state of mind.青春不是年华，而是心境；It is not a matter of rosy cheeks,red l
19、ips and supple knees.青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，It is a matter of the will,a quality of the imagination,vigor of the emotions而是深沉的意志、宏伟的想象、炽热的感情20第20页/共45页第二十页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。（3）SubordinationExpanding with Noun Clause 名词从句主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句，宾语从句Expanding with Adjective Clause 形容词从句定语从句/关系从句Expanding with Adverbial Cl
20、ause 副词从句状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等21第21页/共45页第二十一页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。When we will go to school is still a question.主语从句I have a friend whose cousin is a tennis player.定语从句The doctor asked the patient what he had had for lunch.宾语从句The news that our team won the game made us happy.同位语从句I know how to
21、 light a camp fire because I had done it before.状语从句22第22页/共45页第二十二页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Combine each group of sentences into a single sentence,using coordination,subordination or both:1.This is a good spot for a picnic.A river flows on one side.A large tree provides shade.We can spread our blanket on the
22、 grassy knoll(小山).With a river.and a large tree.,this is a.and we can spread.2.The story is written in plain language.It consists of three parts.It has an interesting plot.The plot centers round an old aristocratic family.The family lived in 17th-century France.The story,written in.,consists of.with
23、 an interesting.centering.23第23页/共45页第二十三页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。243.He was nearing the top.His eyes were already glowing with triumph.He was climbing faster and faster.He climbed recklessly fast.He suddenly slipped and fell.He tumbled to the ground.He lay motionless there.He was a crumpled pile of arms and
24、 legs.Nearing the top,he climbed recklessly faster and faster,his eyes glowing with triumph,but he suddenly.,trumbling.laying,a crumpled.第24页/共45页第二十四页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。1.4 Sentence Structure ProblemsWhats wrong with the following sentences?To please the visitors,a cross talk was performed.Without tell
25、ing anyone,even her sister,Mary,going to the park,meeting her friends.The physics problems were just impossible,they took all day to do.That the course was so hard we all studied day and night,with no one getting an A or a B.I knocked at the door when the lady came I gave her most ingratiating（讨好的）s
26、mile.25第25页/共45页第二十五页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Four Types of Common Problems (1)Sentence Fragments 残缺句 (2)Run-on Sentences 粘连句（接排句）(3)Misplaced Modifiers 误置修饰语 (4)Dangling Modifiers 悬垂修饰语 26第26页/共45页第二十六页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。(1)Sentence FragmentsA sentence fragment is a group of words that lacks a subject or a verb
27、and does not express a complete thought.Having driven across the desert.We enjoyed the cool weather.Corrected：Having driven across the desert,we enjoyed the cool weather.Having no money and being lonely in the big city.Corrected：Having no money and being lonely in the big city,the old woman committe
28、d suicide.27第27页/共45页第二十七页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。PracticeRevise the following run-on sentencesDramatic weather conditions dont always cause disasters.But at times create beautiful situations as well.Although she says that she doesnt like to read.For example,ice cream and chocolate cake.28第28页/共45页第二十八页，编辑于星
29、期六：四点 三十分。粘连句(接排句)就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，没有正确的标点或连接词标明关系的句子。I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town,all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival.Corrected：I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town,but/;however,/all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boa
30、t Festival.(2)Run-On Sentences29第29页/共45页第二十九页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。PracticeRevise the following run-on sentencesWomen no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths.Utah is famous for her scenery and friendly people,I lov
31、e living in this state particularly.30第30页/共45页第三十页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。(3)Misplaced Modifiers 误置修饰语，亦称“修饰语错位”，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间不恰当地夹进了其他成分。修饰语与被修饰语尽量不要离得太远，否则，句子意义会含糊不清。He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.Corr
32、ected:He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.Corrected:The robber was described as a 150-pound,six-foot-tall man with a mustache.31第31页/共45页第三十一页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Practice Identify the misplaced word or words in each sentence.The lioness watched the trainer caring for her cub in the cage.She
33、 is teaching a seminar this term on market economy at the Osaka International University.The animal trainer rode on the elephant with a broken foot.Tony bought an old car from a crooked（不正当的）dealer with a faulty transmission(变速器).The suburbs nearly had five inches of rain.32第32页/共45页第三十二页，编辑于星期六：四点
34、三十分。(4)Dangling Modifiers悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）是指在句子中没有修饰对象的词或词组。辨别悬垂修饰语时，首先要判断修饰语的逻辑主语和主句的逻辑主语是否一致。当一个句子的修饰语置于句首时，其动作的执行者通常是其后句中的主语，否则，则该修饰语为悬垂修饰语.To write well,good books must be read.Corrected:To write well,I must read good books.To write the proposal,research must be done.Corrected:To write t
35、he proposal,the professor must first do some research.非限定性动词短语作状语时，易形成悬垂性修饰语。33第33页/共45页第三十三页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Practice Please revise the following sentences with dangling modifiers.Thumbing through the magazine,her eyes automatically noticed the cosmetic ads.To please the visitors,a cross talk was per
36、formed.On entering the teachers office,a terrestrial globe（地球仪）caught his attention.Though only seventeen,the army accepted his application.34第34页/共45页第三十四页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement(1)Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects不定代词作主语(2)Compound Subjects复合主语(3)Intervening Words插入语(4)Collective N
37、ouns集体名词(5)Plural Forms with Singular Meaning复数形式表单数意义35第35页/共45页第三十五页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。(1)Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects作主语时时，要求谓语动词用单数。-one words -body words -thing words one nobody nothing anyone anybody anything everyone everybody everything someone somebody something 36第36页/共45页第三十六页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十
38、分。Do you know?Find the right subjects.The poor attitude of many students(is/are)responsible for the high number of failures.(主语是attitude 而不是 students)Two pairs of pliers,one large and one small,(is/are)missing from my tool box.(主语是two pairs of pliers)37第37页/共45页第三十七页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。(2)Compound Subjec
39、tsSuccess and fame are often the litmus tests of ones character.The secretary and the accountant were present.(两个人)The secretary and accountant was present.(同一个人)38第38页/共45页第三十八页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。(3)Intervening Words 插入成分有along with,as wellas,like,no less than,except,but，in addition to，together with等连词
40、或介词。Tom and his brother was/were home for the holidays.Tom,along with his brother,was/were home for the holidays.39第39页/共45页第三十九页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。(4)Collective Nouns集合名词是表示一类人或事物的总称。集合名词是表示一类人或事物的总称。1)通常作复数的集合名词。如 police,people,cattle,militia（民兵）,poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)2)通常作不可数名词的集合名词。如 foliage,machine
41、ry,equipment,furniture,merchandise3)既可作单数也可作复数的集合名词。如 audience,committee,class,crew,family,government,public40第40页/共45页第四十页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。Practice1.A team which(is/are)full of enthusiasm(is/are)likely to win.2.The football team(is/are)having baths and(is/are)then coming back here for tea.3.The class
42、(is/are)taking notes,(its/their)pens scribbling quickly over(its/their)exercise books.41第41页/共45页第四十一页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。A million dollars is/are a great deal of money.(表示总数)Ten years is/are too long to wait.(表示单位)Forty-eight hours was/were the regular workweek a decade ago.(表示单位)My family is/are not fa
43、r from my college.(整体)My family has/have many different views about how we are going to Japan during the vacation.(个体)(5)Plural Forms with(5)Plural Forms with Singular MeaningSingular Meaning42第42页/共45页第四十二页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。dynamics（动力学），optics（光学）economics（经济学），phonetics（语音学）electronics（电子学），politics
44、（政治学），semantics（语义学），physics（物理学）informatics（信息学），ethics（伦理学）mathematics（数学），statics（静力学）statistics（统计学），measles（麻疹）virus（病毒），mumps（流行性腮腺炎），news（新闻）以以-ics结尾的表示学科的名词结尾的表示学科的名词 43第43页/共45页第四十三页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。ActivityPut the correct verb forms in the following sentences.Patience_(be)a virtue.A summary
45、of the debate between the two residential candidates _(be)in todays newspaper.None of these answers _(be)correct.Ten minutes _(be)enough.No one except her own supporters _(agree)with her.The worth of men like Galileo _(be)not always understood by others.is is is is agrees is 44第44页/共45页第四十四页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。45感谢您的观看。第45页/共45页第四十五页，编辑于星期六：四点 三十分。