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1、1.Potentiala potential leader 可能成为领导者的人exploit/fulfil/realize ones potential 发掘发挥/认识自己的潜力2.SeniorHe is ten years senior to me.他比我大十岁.senior and junior officers.高级军官和下级军官(often常作Senior,abbr 缩写Sen)(placedimmediatelyaftersbsname置於姓名之後)beingtheparentofsbwiththesamename（父或母与子女同名情况下的）父或母:John Brown Senior
2、老约翰.布朗.studentintheyearbeforegraduationfromahighschoolorcollege（中学或大学的）毕业班的学生:attrib作定语her senior year at college她在大学毕业班那一年.1、大学一年级学生：freshman2、大学二年级学生：sophomore3、大学三年级学生：junior4、大学四年级学生：senior第1页/共40页1.pathAlaneisanarrowcountryroad.*lane是乡间小径.Apathorfootpathisawaymarkedoutforpeopletowalkalong,betwe
3、enhousesinatownoracrossfields,besiderivers,etcinthecountry.*path或footpath是市镇中住宅之间或郊野中穿越田地沿河等有标志的人行道.Atrackisaroughpathinthecountry,oftennotofficiallymarked,butmadebytheconstantpassingofpeople,animalsorvehicles.*track指郊野土路,常无正式标志,仅为人动物或车辆走得多而形成者.Laneandtrackcanalsorefertotheseparatepartsofaroad(lane)
4、orrailway(track)separatingcarsortrainspassinginoppositedirectionsorovertaking*lane和track还可指分开来自对面车辆或供超车用的部分路面,公路用lane,铁路用track:a six-lane motorway 有六条行车线的高速公路*a double-track railway line 双轨铁路线.Runnersinanathleticsstadiumruninindividuallanes.在田径运动场上赛跑的人有各自的lane.*Thewholeareatheyrunoniscalledthetrack.
5、进行赛跑的整个地段称为track.第2页/共40页challenge1l/tlnd;tlnd/n(tosb)(todosth)accept a challenge发出接受挑战.(tosth)difficult,demandingorstimulatingtask艰巨的高难度的或有激励性的任务:Reducing the gap between rich and poor is one of the main challenges facing the government.缩小贫富之间的差距是政府面临的主要lTn,Tn.pr,Dn.tsb(tosth要求某人做某事（尤指参加竞赛或证明某事正当）:
6、She challenged the newspaper to prove its story.她要求这家报纸证实报道的真实性.Tn怀疑（某事）的真实性正确性或有效性;提出异议:lchallenge sbs right to do sth 怀疑某人是否有权力做某lThis new discovery challenges traditional beliefs.这项新的发现对传统观念提出了异议.Tntesttheabilityof(sb);stimulate考验（某人）的能力;激励;鞭策:lThe job doesnt really challenge him.这项工作不能真正考验他.第3页/
7、共40页challengern personwhochallenges,espinsport提出竞争要求的人（尤指体育运动中）;挑战者.challengingadj offeringproblemsthattestsbsability;stimulating（为考验某人的能力）提出难题的;激励的;挑战的:a challenging job,test,assignment,etc激励人的工作考验任务等.第4页/共40页positive/pztv;pztv/adj 明确的指示命令规定等*We have no positive proof of her guilt.我们没有她犯罪的确切证据.(abo
8、ut sth/that.)（指人）有把握的,确信的:Are you absolutely positive that it was after midnight?你是否有绝对把握认为那事是在午夜以後发生的?(a)有助益的;建设性的提出有益的建议意见等*Try to be more positive in dealing with the problem.对解决该问题再积极一些.(b)自信的;乐观的:a positive attitude,feeling,etc 乐观的态度情绪等*positive thinking,ieadeterminedmentalattitudethathelpsonea
9、chievesuccess必胜的思想.(oftheresultsofatestoranexperiment)indicatingthatasubstanceispresent（指试验或实验的结果）表明存在某物质的,阳性的:The tests proved positive.试验结果呈阳性(mathematics 数)(ofaquantity)greaterthanzero（指数量）正的:a positive number 正数*the positive sign(+)正号.containingorproducingthetypeofelectricalchargeproducedbyrubbi
10、ngglasswithsilk正电的;正极的:a positive charge 正电荷*the positive terminal of a battery,ietheonethroughwhichelectriccurrentleavesthebattery电池的正极端子.反义词negative第5页/共40页lie2/la;la/v(pt lay/le;le/,pp lain/len;len/,pres p lying)躺，在lie1/la;la/v(pt,pp lied,pres p lying)撒谎lay1/le;le/v(pt,pplaid/led;led/)放第6页/共40页ri
11、se2/raz;raz/v(pt rose/ruz;roz/,pp risen/rzn;rzn/)risetotheoccasion,challenge,task,etcproveoneselfabletodealwithanunexpectedsituation,problem,etc有随机应变克服困难完成任务等的能力.raisevt.饲养;举起;建造(房子);使增加;增强;提高;栽培;繁殖RiseI,Ipr,Ip,In/pr上升The river has risen(by)several metres.河水上涨了好几米I(fml 文)（躺坐或跪後）起立,起身;起床:accustomed t
12、o rising early 习惯於早起He rose(in order)to welcome me.他起身欢迎我第7页/共40页Risen(a)上升;升起;进展;振兴:the rise and fall of the British Empire大英帝国的兴衰.(b)increaseinamount,numberorintensity（金额数量或强度的）增加:a rise in the price of meat,the value of the dollar,the average temperature肉类价格的上涨美元的升值平均温度的增高.斜坡;小山;岗;丘:At the top of
13、 the rise they paused for a rest.他们在小山的顶部停下来休息.*a(Brit)(US raise)increase(inwages)（工资的）增加:demand a rise(in wages)from next October要求从下个十月份起增加工资.(idm习语)giverisetosth(fml 文)causesth引起导致某事物:Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语.第8页/共40页acquire/kwa(r);kwar/v Tn(a)gain(sth)byo
14、nesownability,effortsorbehaviour（靠自己的能力努力或行为而）获得,得到（某事物）:acquire a good knowledge of English,an antique painting,a taste for brandy,a reputation for dishonesty学好英语得到一幅古画学会喝白兰地酒得到不诚实的名声.acquisition/kwzn;kwzn/n Uactionofacquiring获得;得到:the acquisition of antiques,knowledge,a fortune获得古董知识财富.第9页/共40页Eff
15、ort努力He must put more effort into his work.他必须更加努力工作.effortlessadj needingnoorlittleeffort不需努力的;不费力的:She plays with seemingly effortless skill.她演奏得似乎毫不费力.effortlesslyadv.effortlessnessn U.Effectn影响effect/fekt;fkt/n C,U(onsb/sth)效应;结果;後果:The film had quite an effect on them.Affectv.影响Their opinion wi
16、ll not affect my decision.他们的意见不会影响我的决定.第10页/共40页Advanceadvance1/dvns;US-vns;dvns/n recent advances inmedical science医学上的新进展.预付;预支;借贷:The bank gave/made her an advance of 500.银行贷给她500英镑.(idm习语)inadvance(ofsth)beforehand;aheadintime预先;事先;事前:The rent must be paid in advance.租金须预付.Its impossible to kno
17、w in advance what will happen.预知未来发生的事是不可能的.advanceadj attrib作定语预先做好的;预先供给的:give sb advance warning/notice of sth 对某事物给某人预先警告通知*make an advance booking,iereserveahotelroom,aseatinatheatre,etcbeforethetimewhenitisneeded预定（旅馆房间戏票等）第11页/共40页advance2/dvns;US-vns;dvns/v(a)I,Ipr,In/pr(on/towardssb/sth)前进:
18、Our troops have advanced two miles.我们的部队已经前进了两英里.(b)I(fig 比喻)makeprogress进步:advance in ones career 在事业上进步Tn向前移动或推进（某人某事物）:The general advanced his troops at night.将军夜晚将部队向前推进.Tn促进（某事物）;推动（某人计划等）:Such conduct is unlikely to advance your interests.这种行为对你可不大有利.Tn(fml 文)作出,提出（要求建议等）:Scientists have adva
19、nced a new theory to explain this phenomenon.科学家已提出一种新理论来解释这一现象.Tn,Tn.pr提前;提早:The date of the meeting was advanced from 10 to 3 June.会议日期已由6月10日提前到6月3日.Cf参看postpone1.第12页/共40页advancedadj 1在生命或进程中远远在前的:be advanced in years 年事已高She died at an advanced age.她活到高龄才去世.2非初步的;高深的;高等的:advanced studies高深的研究.3
20、新的而尚未被普遍接受的;先进的;先驱的;超前的:have advanced ideas有先进的思想.#advancedcredit(alsoadvancedstanding)(US)creditgivenbyonecollegeforcoursestakenatanother跨校学分（大专院校对学生在其它院校所学课程给予的学分）.Advancedlevel(alsoAlevel/elevl;elvl/)(inBritain)higherlevelintheGeneralCertificateofEducationexaminations（英国普通教育文凭考试中的）高级程度.第13页/共40页A
21、mazingamaze/mez;mez/vTnesppassive尤用於被动语态fill(sb)withgreatsurpriseorwonder使（某人）惊异或惊奇:He amazed everyone by passing his driving test.他驾驶考试合格使大家很惊奇.*We were amazed at/by the change in his appearance.他的样子变得使我们大为惊讶.*She was amazed/It amazed her that he was still alive.他居然还活着使她感到惊异.amazementn U:He looked
22、at me in amazement.他惊愕地看着我.*I heard with amazement that.我听到.大为吃惊.amazingadj(usu approv通常作褒义):an amazing speed,player,feat 令人惊异的速度表演者事迹*I find it amazing that you cant swim.你不会游泳可使我大吃一惊.amazinglyadv:Shes amazingly clever.她出奇地聪明.amazed/mezd/extremelysurprised:She was amazed at how calm she felt after
23、the accident.第14页/共40页AmazingAmazedSurprisingSurprisedExcitingExcitedBoringBoredMovingMovedInterestinginterested第15页/共40页ConfidenceConfidentDistanceDistantDifferenceDifferentSignificanceSignificant第16页/共40页makea,no,some,etcdifference(tosb/sth)(a)havean,no,some,etceffect(onsb/sth)（对某人某事物）有没有有些.作用或影响:
24、The rain didnt make much difference(to the game).这场雨（对比赛）没多大影响.(b)beimportant,unimportant,etc(tosb/sth);matter（对某人某事物）重要不重要等;要紧不要紧等:It makes no difference(to me)what you say:Im not going.不管你怎麽说（对我来说）都无所谓,反正我不去.It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.你今天去也好,明天去也好,关系不大.Does that
25、make any difference?ieIsitimportant,needweconsiderit?那要紧吗?*Yes,it makes all the difference,ieisveryimportant.是的,非常重要.第17页/共40页makethemostofsth/getthemostoutofsthCharming and friendly,she will help you make the most of your visit.advice on how to get the most out of your computerresource/rss,also-zs;
26、USrisrs;risrs/n Cusupl 通常作复数supplyofrawmaterials,etcwhichbringacountry,person,etcwealth资源:rich in natural,mineral,agricultural,etc resources 自然的矿产的农业的.资源丰富*U(fml 文)ingenuityorquickwit;initiative才智;机敏;创造精神:a man of great resource足智多谋的男子.resourceful/-fl;-fl/adj cleveratfindingwaysofdoingthings善於随机应变的;
27、机敏的;办法多的.resourcefully/-fl;-fl/adv.resourcefulnessn U.第18页/共40页facility/fslt;fslt/n U,sing容易学好或做好事物的能力:have(a)great facility for(learning)languages 有（学习）语言的天才*He plays the piano with surprising facility.他弹奏钢琴神乎其技.facilitiesplcircumstances,equipment,etcthatmakeitpossible,oreasier,todosth;aids能够或易於做某事
28、的环境设备等;辅助物:sports facilities,egrunningtracks,swimmingpools运动设施（如跑道游泳池）washing,postal,shopping,banking,etc facilities 洗涤邮政购物银行等设施*facilities for study,eglibraries有助学习的设施（如图书馆）.facilitatefacilitate/fsltet/vTformaltomakeiteasierforaprocessoractivitytohappenComputers can be used to facilitate language l
29、earning.facilitation/fslten/nU第19页/共40页equal/ikwl;ikwl/adj（大小数量价值程度状况等）相同的,相等的,同样的:They are of equal height.他们一般高.pred作表语tosth/doingsth对某事物有力量勇气能力等;能胜任:She feels equal to the task.她认为能胜任该项工作.equaln 和自己相当的人或事物:Hes my equal in strength.他和我力气一样大.equalv(-ll-)(US-l-)Tn,Tn.prsb/sth(insth与某人某事物相同或相等:equall
30、ing the Olympic record 平奥运会纪录*He is equalled by no one in kindness.没有人比他更善良.equality/kwlt;kwlt/n U平等:Women are still struggling for true equality with men.妇女仍在争取与男人真正平等.equalize,-ise/ikwlaz;ikwlaz/vI,Tn（使某事物）（在大小数量等上）相等equally/ikwl;ikwl/adv 1相等地;同等地:They are equally clever.他们一样聪明.equator/kwet(r);kwe
31、t/n赤道第20页/共40页Attitudeto/towardssthApproachtosthKeytoEntrancetoAnswertoGoalaimpurposetargetLastbutnotleastTobeginwith;tostartwith;whatsmore;moreover;furthermore;inaddition;additionally;第21页/共40页ResponsibleResponsibilityResponseRespond第22页/共40页ahead/hed;hd/adv(ofsb/sth)（在空间或时间上）向前,往前,朝前;在前:He ran ahe
32、ad.他跑在前面aheadofprep furtherforwardinspaceortimethan(sb/sth);infrontof（在空间或时间上比某人某事物）更前,更早London is about five hours ahead of New York.伦敦时间比纽约早五小时左右.Ahead of us lay ten days of military training.我们当前有十天的强化训练.intheleadover(sb/sth);furtheradvancedthan处於（某人某事物）的领先地位;比.更先进;领先:His ideas were(way)ahead of
33、his time.他的思想比他所处的时代先进（得多）.第23页/共40页junior/dun(r);dunj/adj(tosb)lowerinrankorstanding(thansb)（较某人）地位或身分低的He is several years junior to Mrs Cooper.他比库珀太太小几岁.Junior(abbrs 缩写Jnr,Jr,Jun)(esp US)(usedafteranametorefertoasonwhohasthesamenameashisfatherortotheyoungeroftwoboyshavingthesamenameinaschool,univ
34、ersity,etc父子同名时,用於儿子姓名之後,两学生同姓时,用於年幼者之名後,以示区别):MartinLutherKing,Jr(Brit)oforintendedforchildrenfromtheagesof7to11（7至11岁）儿童的:junior school小学juniorn 1（一职业中）地位较低者;从事次要工作的人:the office junior办公室的一般职员.2比某人小若干岁:He is three years her junior/her junior by three years.他比她小三岁.第24页/共40页independent/ndpendnt;ndpn
35、dnt/adj(ofsb/sth)notdependent独立的;自主的;自立的:old enough to be independent of ones parents 年岁已大不必依赖父母depend第25页/共40页focus/fuks;foks/n(pl esorfoci/fusa;fosa/)（光声等的）中心点,源.焦点;焦距.Cususing 通常作单数centreofactivity,interest,etc活动的中心;使人感兴趣的所在:Her beauty makes her the focus of attention.她长得漂亮,很惹人注目.(idm习语)beinfocus
36、;bringsth/comeintofocus(causesthto)beorbecomeclearlyseenorsharplydefined（使某事物）清晰明确或在焦点上:Bring the object into focus if you want a sharp photograph.要照出清晰的照片,就要把焦点对准物体.be/gooutoffocusnotbeornolongerbeclearlyseen,etc模糊不清楚或不在焦点上:The childrens faces were badly out of focus(iewereveryblurred)in the photog
37、raph.照片上孩子们的面部非常模糊.第26页/共40页focusv(-s-or-ss-)1(a)Ibecomeabletoseeclearly能够看清楚:His eyes focused slowly in the dark room.他在那间黑屋子里眼睛慢慢地看清了东西.(b)Tn,Tn.prsth(onsth)causesthtobeconcentrated(atapoint)使某事物集中（於一点）:If you focus the suns rays through a magnifying glass on a dry leaf,it will start to burn.用放大镜把
38、阳光聚到乾叶子上,叶子就能燃烧2(a)I,Ipr(onsth)concentrate(onsth)集中（於某事物）:Im so tired I cant focus(on anything)today.今天我太累了,精神集中不起来.(b)Tn,Tn.prsth(onsth)concentrate(onesattention,etc)on(sth)将（注意力等）集中於（某事物）:Please focus your minds on the following problem.请集中考虑以下问题.第27页/共40页detail1/ditel;USdtel;dtel/n Csmall,particu
39、larfactoritem细目;细节;详情:Please give me all the details.请告诉我全部详情.*I checked every detail of her research.我核对了她的学术研究的各个细节.*The details of the costume were totally authentic.这件古装的每个小gointodetail(s)speakorwriteaboutallaspectsofsth详细叙述:He refused to go into details about his plans.他不肯详述他计划的细节.indetaildiscu
40、ssingallfactsoritemsfully详细地:to explain/describe sth in detail详细解释叙述某事物.detailedadj havingmanydetailsorpayinggreatattentiontodetails;thorough详细的;极注意细节的;详尽的;完全的:a detailed description,account,analysis,etc详尽的叙述报道分析等.第28页/共40页AsaresultofOwingtoDuetoThankstoBecauseof第29页/共40页tip1/tp;tp/n pointedorthinen
41、dofsth尖端;尖儿:the tip of ones nose 鼻尖(idm习语)(havesth)onthetipofonestonguejustabouttobespokenorremembered话到嘴边或几乎想起:His names on the tip of my tongue,but I just cant think of it.他的名字就在嘴边上,可我就是想不起来.thetipoftheicebergsmallbutevidentpartofamuchlargerconcealedsituation,problem,etc重要情况重大问题等显露出的小部分:Over 100 b
42、urglaries are reported every month,and thats just the tip of the iceberg,iemanymoreoccurbutarenotreported.每月报案的入室盗窃案超过百起,而这只不过是已知的一小部分.tipv(-pp-)Tn,Tn.prsth(withsth)fitatiptosth;putonthetipofsth给某物装上尖头;置於某物顶端:filter-tipped cigarettes 带过滤嘴的香烟*The legs of the table were tipped with rubber.桌子腿装上了橡皮头.*T
43、he native warriors tipped their spears with poison.土着斗士把毒药涂在长矛尖上.第30页/共40页tipn 1smallsumofmoneygiventoawaiter,taxi-driver,etcasapersonalrewardfortheirservices（给服务员计程车司机等的）小费,小帐:He left a tip under his plate.他把小费放在盘子下面了.第31页/共40页Base(a)lowestpartofsth,espthepartonwhichitrestsorissupported（某物的）底部(c)(f
44、ig 比喻)starting-point;underlyingprinciple起点;基本原则:She used her familys history as a base for her novel.她把她一家人的经历作为她小说的蓝本.Put some moisturizer on as a base before applying your make-up.使用化妆品之前先用点润肤脂打底.placeatwhicharmedforces,expeditions,etchavetheirstores（军队探险队等的）基地,根据地:an air base 空军基地baselessadj with
45、outcauseorfoundation无原因的;无根据的:baseless fears,rumours,suspicions无根据的恐慌谣言怀疑.第32页/共40页base2/bes;bes/v Tn.prsthonsthusesthasgrounds,evidence,etcforsthelse以某事物为另一事物的根据证据等:This novel is based on historical facts.这部小说是以历史事实为根据的.*RemindsbofsthRemindsbthatReminder第33页/共40页proposal/prpuzl;prpozl/n Uactionofsu
46、ggestingorputtingforward提议;建议:C(forsth/doingsth);(todosth)thingthatissuggested;planorscheme提案;建议;方案:a proposal for uniting the two companies 将两公司联合起来的建议*Various proposals were put forward for increasing sales.为提高销售额而提出了各种的建议.*a proposal to offer a discount to regular customers对经常性的主顾予以折扣优惠的方案.Csugge
47、stionorrequest,espfromamantoawoman,thatthetwoshouldmarry求婚（尤指男向女）:She had had many proposals(of marriage)but preferred to remain single.许多人向她求过婚,但她愿过独身生活.第34页/共40页professionaln 1personqualifiedoremployedinoneoftheprofessions具有某专业资格的人;从事某专业的人;专业人士:You need a professional to sort out your finances.你需要
48、专业人士替你管理财务.You will need to seek professional advice about your claim for compensation.你在索赔的问题上需要内行人士作指导.a professional footballer,第35页/共40页material1/mtrl;mtrl/n C,Usubstanceorthingsfromwhichsthelseisorcanbemade;thingwithwhichsthisdone材料;原料:building materials,egbricks,timber,sand建筑材料*writing materia
49、ls,egpens,paper,ink用於书写的材料（如钢笔纸墨水）Ufacts,information,etctobeusedinwritingabook,asevidence,etc（写书等用的）事实,资料:Shes collecting material for a newspaper article.她正在搜集素材在报纸上发表文章.material2/mtrl;mtrl/adj attrib作定语composedoforconnectedwithphysicalsubstanceratherthanthemindorspirit物质的;由物质构成的:the material world
50、物质世界.第36页/共40页material1/mtrl;mtrl/n C,Usubstanceorthingsfromwhichsthelseisorcanbemade;thingwithwhichsthisdone材料;原料:building materials,egbricks,timber,sand建筑材料*writing materials,egpens,paper,ink用於书写的材料（如钢笔纸墨水）Ufacts,information,etctobeusedinwritingabook,asevidence,etc（写书等用的）事实,资料:Shes collecting mate