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1、词类精讲之概念：概念：动词就是表示动作或状态的词。动词就是表示动作或状态的词。动词的分类：根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为实义义动词和虚义义动词两大类。注意:有些动词既可用作实义动词，又可用作虚义动词，比如动词need，既可用作情态动词，又可用作实义动词。go既可用作实义动词，又可用作连系动词。eg:Do you need any help?/You neednt worry.We went to Rome./Hes going bald.实义动词，又叫行为动词，是可以在句中单独做谓语的动词。实义动词的分类：根据其能否直接跟宾语这一属性，实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词这两类。eg.We sha
2、ke hands when we make a deal.I bought cannabis from a man in the street.It means,“we agree and we trust each other.Birds can fly.一、定义：一、定义：及物动词及物动词 （vt）是）是后面必须跟宾语意义才完后面必须跟宾语意义才完整整的实义动词，的实义动词，vt后面可以直接跟宾语。后面可以直接跟宾语。eg:We planted many trees around our school.The teacher adopted his stdents suggestions.
3、不及物动词（不及物动词（vi）是）是本身能表达本身能表达完整完整意义，意义，后后面不需跟宾语的实义动词。面不需跟宾语的实义动词。vi后面若要跟宾语，后面若要跟宾语，必须加上介词。必须加上介词。eg:My watch stopped.She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.Look carefully.1、不及物动词或不及物动词短语后面加上介词、不及物动词或不及物动词短语后面加上介词之后，功能等同于及物动词，后面需要跟宾语。之后，功能等同于及物动词，后面需要跟宾语。eg:I once lived in the village.The worker l
4、ooked at the machine carefully.2、有些动词既可以用作及物动词，也可以用作不及物动词。eg:I read newspaper every morning.(vt)I can never read or write.(vi)Well,class begins.Lets begin our test.We saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.消散消散 He lifted his glass and drank.举起举起3、有的动词汉语意思用作及物动词，而英语单词只能用作不及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，list
5、en听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。eg:We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。4、有的动词汉语意思为不及物动词，而英语单词却能用作及物动词。如serve为.服务。eg:We should serve the people wholeheartedly.我们要全心全意为人民服务。A-1及物动词使用结构1 1、动、动+宾宾2 2、动、动+双宾双宾3 3、动、动+宾宾+补补4 4、被动语态：、被动语
6、态：be+v-edbe+v-ed1 1、动、动+宾宾有些及物动词后需跟一个宾语能够表达完整的意思。注意：除了名词和代词可充当宾语外，数词、动词不定式（to do)、动名词（doing)和从句都可充当宾语。eg.Close the door!关门！John saw a cat.Mary was playing basketball.We like Mary.He broke the window on purpose yesterday.No one pays him for it.Many factors have influenced his decision.2 2、动、动+双宾双宾有些及
7、物动词后需跟两个宾语（双宾语）能够表达完整的意思。注意：双宾语是指人的间接宾语指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语指物的直接宾语。eg.I refused him his invitation.He asked me a question.The salesman charged me 100 dollars for the T-shirt.He often brings me some presents.The headmaster awarded him the first prize.Mum cooked us fish last night.3 3、动、动+宾宾+补补有些及物动词后需跟一个宾
8、语再加一个补足语才能够表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语之间通常有逻辑关系。eg.The doctor advised her to have a rest.The father allowed his son to watch TV after finishing his homework.We elected her Monitor.Lets keep our classroom clean.宾语补足语宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(带to或省to)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词（done）充当。4 4、被动语态结构、被动语态结构原句为“动词+宾语”结构的句子，变被
9、动语态结构时要将原句的宾语提前到主语位置，再加be done。句子的时态由be动词体现。4-14-1、原宾、原宾+be+done+be+doneeg.Many factors have influenced American pronunciation.American pronunciation has been influenced by many factors.We like Mary.Mary is liked by us.Tom broke the window on purpose yesterday.The window was broken by Tom on purpose
10、 yesterday.4 4、被动语态结构、被动语态结构原句为“动词+间宾+直宾”结构的句子，变被动语态结构时既可以将原句间接宾语提前到主语位置，又可以将原句直接宾语提前到主语位置，后加be done。4-2-14-2-1、间宾、间宾+be+done+be+done+直接宾语直接宾语eg.She asked me a question.I was asked a question by her.He charged me 100 dollars for this coat.I was charged 100 dollars for this coat.The Nobel Foundation
11、awarded Mo Yan the Nobel Literature Prize in 2012.Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Literature Prize in 2012.4 4、被动语态结构、被动语态结构原句为“动词+间宾+直宾”结构的句子，变被动语态结构时既可以将原句间接宾语提前到主语位置，又可以将原句直接宾语提前到主语位置，后加be done to/for+间接宾语。4-2-24-2-2、直宾、直宾+be+done+to/for+be+done+to/for+间接宾语间接宾语eg.The headmaster awarded him the prize
12、.The prize was awarded to him.Mum cooked us fish.Fish was cooked for us.The father made his son a kite.A kite was made for his son by the father.4 4、被动语态结构、被动语态结构原句为“动词+宾语+补足语”结构的句子，变被动语态结构时将原句宾语提前用作新句主语（代词用主格），后面跟be done+补足语。4-34-3、原宾、原宾+be+done+be+done+补足语补足语eg.We elected him monitor.He was electe
13、d monitor.What you said made Xiao Mei angry.Xiao Mei was made angry by what you said.He made his sister cry.His sister was made to cry by him.A-2 不及物动词使用结构1 1、谓动（原形）（、谓动（原形）（+状）状）!2 2、主、主+谓谓(+(+状）。状）。3 3、不及物动词不及物动词+介词介词+宾语宾语。注意：不及物动词没有被动语态结构。当不及物动词用于祈使句时，动词原形（或词组）可以单词（或单词组）成句，也可以带一个状语。eg.Fire!开火！Loo
14、k!看！Stand up!站起来！Come here!过来!Come in!进来！Work hard,and youll make progress!Dont talk in class!别在课堂上讲话！1 1、谓动（原形）（、谓动（原形）（+状）状）!2 2、主、主+谓（谓（+状）。状）。单个不及物动词能表达完整的意思，但不及物动词通常有自己的动作发出者做句子主语。前面一个结构祈使句中句子主语默认为you,是一种省略主语的情况。eg.Hard work pays off.努力工作终究会有回报。Great changes have taken place in my hometown in t
15、he past ten years.However,everything changed.So I worked harder than ever.She apologized to me again.eg:(You)Look!看！(You)Stand up!站起来！(You)Come here!过来!。3 3、不及物动词、不及物动词+介词介词+宾语宾语不及物动词后跟一个介词后相当于一个及物动词，后面要带宾语。eg.He lives in London.He is looking for his key.An accident happened to him early in this mon
16、th.We arrived at the railway station at 8 oclock.Everybody listened to the teacher carefully.Do you agree to the plan?He smiled at me.She will go to Shanghai next month.实义动词有五种基本变化形式，分别是原形、过去式、过去分词、第三人称单数形式和现在分词形式。实义动词五种变化形式（以do为例）1 1、do do 原形原形2 2、did did 过去式过去式3 3、done done 过去分词过去分词4 4、does does 第
17、三人称单数第三人称单数5 5、doing doing 现在分词现在分词1-11-1、在谓语动词为一般现在时中，主语为代词、在谓语动词为一般现在时中，主语为代词第一人称、第二人称、第三人称复数时。第一人称、第二人称、第三人称复数时。第一人称：第一人称：I I，we we 第二人称：第二人称：youyou第三人称复数：第三人称复数：they,they,复数名词，多个不可数名词，多个不定式、复数名词，多个不可数名词，多个不定式、动名词或从句等动名词或从句等eg.I eg.I hopehope to hear from you soon.to hear from you soon.We We begi
18、nbegin our classes at 7 our classes at 7：30 a.m every day.30 a.m every day.You You havehave many chances to challenge yourself.many chances to challenge yourself.They They playplay basketball once a week.basketball once a week.Stars Stars shineshine in the sky.in the sky.1 1、动词、动词原形用于以下情形中：原形用于以下情形中
19、：1-21-2、情态动词和助动词、情态动词和助动词dodo及其变形及其变形doesdoes、diddid后构成的复合谓语中：常见情态动词有后构成的复合谓语中：常见情态动词有:must,:must,may,might,can,could,will,would,shall,may,might,can,could,will,would,shall,should,ought to,need,dareshould,ought to,need,dare等。等。eg.If you eg.If you must knowmust know the secret,I the secret,I can tellc
20、an tell you.you.CouldCould I I borrowborrow your bicycle?your bicycle?You You may as well startmay as well start now.now.You You shall hand shall hand inin the report tomorrow.the report tomorrow.Oil Oil will floatwill float on water.on water.I dont I dont carecare what she thinks.what she thinks.1
21、1、动词、动词原形用于以下情形中：原形用于以下情形中：1-31-3、非谓语动词不定式结构中：不定式基本结构、非谓语动词不定式结构中：不定式基本结构为为to doto do。eg.She decided eg.She decided to studyto study abroad.abroad.I found it hard I found it hard to work to work out the maths problem.out the maths problem.He hurried to the station,only He hurried to the station,only
22、 to findto find that the that the train had left.train had left.He is anxious He is anxious to waitto wait for the result of the for the result of the petition.English is easy English is easy to learnto learn if you put your heart into it.if you put your heart into it.1 1、动词、动词原形常见使用情形：原形常见使用情形：1-31
23、-3、注意、注意1 1：有些动词后接省：有些动词后接省toto不定式做宾语补足语，不定式做宾语补足语，动词可串连如下动词可串连如下:五看五看 look at,see,watch,observe,noticelook at,see,watch,observe,notice三室三室(使）使）make,let,havemake,let,have 二厅二厅(听）听）listen to,hearlisten to,hear一感觉一感觉 feelfeel半帮助半帮助 helphelpeg.I saw a stranger eg.I saw a stranger enterenter the buildin
24、g.the building.Who will you have Who will you have taketake part in the competition?part in the competition?但要注意该结构用于被动语态时需带但要注意该结构用于被动语态时需带toto。eg.He was seen eg.He was seen to giveto give the girl a bunch of flowers.the girl a bunch of flowers.1 1、动词、动词原形用于以下情形中：原形用于以下情形中：1-31-3、注意、注意2 2：不定式位于：不定式
25、位于butbut、exceptexcept、besidesbesides等表示等表示“除了除了”的介词后时，该介词前有实义动词的介词后时，该介词前有实义动词dodo的某种形式，后面不定式省的某种形式，后面不定式省to,to,介词前没有实介词前没有实义动词义动词dodo的某种形式，后面不定式需带上的某种形式，后面不定式需带上toto。eg.eg.She couldShe could do do nothing nothing but crybut cry.I have no choice I have no choice but to gobut to go.What would you lik
26、e to What would you like to do besides sleep?do besides sleep?2 2、实义动词过去式、实义动词过去式diddid用于时态为用于时态为一般过去时的谓语动词一般过去时的谓语动词：eg.Somehow he survived.This last experience had a profound effect on him.Noah Webster graduated from Yele University in 1778.So he began his work on American English.The rain poured
27、down.注意注意:当谓语动词中含有助动词时，助动词变为过去式，此时要注意实义动词当谓语动词中含有助动词时，助动词变为过去式，此时要注意实义动词在该助动词后的使用规则；若谓语动词中含有情态动词，除在该助动词后的使用规则；若谓语动词中含有情态动词，除mustmust之外的情态之外的情态动词都有相应的过去式，情态动词后动词用原形。动词都有相应的过去式，情态动词后动词用原形。eg.He didnt notice the danger in the grass.His daughter had fallen asleep when he returned home.The teacher was ma
28、king a PPT when it began to rain.He might know it then.实义动词第三人称单数does只能用作谓语，并且只能用于主语是第三人称单数时。注意：有助动词时，只助动词用第三人称单数。3-1、当主语为代词第三人称单数或单个单数可数名词或单个不可数名词时，eg.He likes watching TV.Han Mei looks like her mother.Uncle Wang often makes cakes.Water boils at 100.The nurse always takes good care of her patients.
29、3.3.实义动词第三人称单数实义动词第三人称单数常见常见于以下于以下情形情形:第三人称单数指的是：主语为人称代词第三人称单数指的是：主语为人称代词he,she,it,he,she,it,单数可数名词（包单数可数名词（包括单个人名地名等专有名词）括单个人名地名等专有名词）,单个不可数名词，单个不定式（包单个不可数名词，单个不定式（包括疑问词括疑问词+不定式）、动名词或从句等时谓语用三单不定式）、动名词或从句等时谓语用三单doesdoes的情况。的情况。3-2、当主语为单个不定式（包括疑问词+不定式）、动名词或从句时，eg.To go to a key university becomes her
30、 dream.When and where I tell you the story depends on my personal needs.Where to hold the meeting has not been decided yet.Having to get up early everyday makes her unhappy.Who will go to attend the meeting hasnt been decided.He has read the book twice.He doesnt go to school at six in the morning.He
31、 is listening to a song now.Li Hua has been praised by his teacher.She must have returned home.Climbing can be dangerous sometimes.注意：有助动词时，只助动词用第三人称单数注意：有助动词时，只助动词用第三人称单数;情态动词无人称和数的变化情态动词无人称和数的变化,后跟动词原形。后跟动词原形。4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-14-1、用于复合谓语动词完成时结构中，包括：、用于复合谓语动词完成时结构中，包括：
32、4-1-14-1-1、现在完成时、现在完成时have/has donehave/has doneeg.Heeg.He has has already already obtainedobtained a scholarship.a scholarship.We We have seenhave seen that film before.that film before.HaveHave they they found found the missing child yet?the missing child yet?I I have usedhave used this pen only t
33、hree times.this pen only three times.He He has turnedhas turned the light off.the light off.4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-14-1、用于复合谓语动词、用于复合谓语动词完成时结构完成时结构中，包括：中，包括：4-1-24-1-2、过去完成时、过去完成时had donehad doneeg.Jane eg.Jane hadhad just just left left when you rang.when you rang.HadHad you
34、 you visitedvisited London before?London before?We realized we We realized we had lost had lost our way.our way.Helen saidHelen said（thatthat）she she had movedhad moved to another flat.to another flat.By six oclock they By six oclock they had workedhad worked for 8 hours.for 8 hours.If only we If on
35、ly we had listenedhad listened to their advice!to their advice!WeWe had hoped had hoped that you would be able to visit us.that you would be able to visit us.4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-24-2、用于复合谓语动词、用于复合谓语动词被动语态结构结构被动语态结构结构中，中，被动语态结构：被动语态结构：be donebe doneeg.eg.I was asked when I
36、left the school last night.He is believed by us.A swimming suit was bought for his daughter.The letter has been received by him.The foreign guests were given a warm welcome.He is regarded gifted by all his classmates.He was thought to be clever but dishonest.4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下
37、情形中：4-34-3、用过去分词、用过去分词donedone做状语时，做状语时，过去分词做状过去分词做状语有两种用法：语有两种用法：4-3-14-3-1、表示句子主语是过去分词动作的逻辑宾语，、表示句子主语是过去分词动作的逻辑宾语，句子主语与过去分词动作之间是被动关系。句子主语与过去分词动作之间是被动关系。eg.Caught by the police,the thief looked frustrated.Welcomed by the students,we expressed our true thanks to them.Planted in rich soil,these trees
38、 can grow fast.He listened to the heros story,moved to tears.If permitted,he was sure to come with us.4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-3-24-3-2、有些过去分词源于系表结构、有些过去分词源于系表结构(be done+(be done+介介+名）名）,作状语时不表被动而表主动，此时，只用过作状语时不表被动而表主动，此时，只用过去分词短语，不用去分词短语，不用bebe动词。动词。eg.Faced with difficulties,
39、we shouldnt withdraw for any excuse.Absorbed in deep thought,he didnt hear the sound.Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.Dressed in an orange skirt,she looked quite beautiful.4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-44-4、用过去分词、用过去分词donedone做定语时做定语时,4-4-14-4-1、不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示
40、完成，不、不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示完成，不表被动。表被动。eg.the fallen leaves 落叶（已掉落的树叶）boiled water 开水（已煮沸的水）4-4-24-4-2、及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表示完成，又、及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表示完成，又表示被动。表示被动。eg.We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.He picked up the pieces of the broken cup.The old lady taken good care of by nurses died last n
41、ight.4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-54-5、用过去分词、用过去分词donedone做表语时做表语时,过去分词作表语，主要表示状态，不表示动作，要注意过去分词作表语，主要表示状态，不表示动作，要注意与被动语态区别开来与被动语态区别开来,被动语态既可表示动作，也可表示被动语态既可表示动作，也可表示状态。状态。eg.She is worried about her fathers safety.(表语）He got lost in the forest.（表语）比较：He was fired by his boss.（被动语态）T
42、he teacher was surrounded by his students.（被动语态）4 4、实义动词过去分词、实义动词过去分词donedone用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：4-64-6、用过去分词、用过去分词donedone做补足语时做补足语时,过去分词作补足语，表示该分词与宾语之间过去分词作补足语，表示该分词与宾语之间为被动关系。为被动关系。eg.I could see a man tied up with rope.I had my hair cut this morning.5 5、动词、动词doingdoing用于以下情形中：用于以下情形中：5-15-1、用于进行时的谓语
43、组成部分中、用于进行时的谓语组成部分中eg.eg.English English is developing is developing very rapidly.very rapidly.I I was working was working on my essay when he came in.on my essay when he came in.We We wont be living wont be living underground or in space.underground or in space.I I have been reading have been readi
44、ng the novel.the novel.5-25-2、用做主语、用做主语eg.eg.Helping Mum to do houseworkHelping Mum to do housework at weekendat weekend is is one of his weekly tasks.one of his weekly tasks.Learning English all by yourselfLearning English all by yourself is not so easy.is not so easy.5-35-3、用做宾语、用做宾语eg.Tom enjoys
45、eg.Tom enjoys playing basketballplaying basketball.The kid always avoids The kid always avoids annoying his fathersannoying his fathers.5-45-4、用做表语，此时注意与进行时相区别。、用做表语，此时注意与进行时相区别。eg.My job is eg.My job is putting these parts togetherputting these parts together.（表语）（表语）比较：比较：I Im puttingm putting the
46、se parts together now.these parts together now.(进行时）进行时）5-55-5、用做定语、用做定语eg.I have got a eg.I have got a runningrunning nose.nose.我流鼻子。我流鼻子。The woman The woman running after the thief running after the thief shouted shouted very loudly,”Stop the thief!”very loudly,”Stop the thief!”5-65-6、用做状语、用做状语eg.
47、The hospital has recently obtained new medical eg.The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment,equipment,allowing more patients to be treatedallowing more patients to be treated.5-75-7、用做补足语、用做补足语,与宾语之间为主动关系与宾语之间为主动关系eg.eg.Listen!Do you hear someone Listen!Do you hear someone calling for
48、 helpcalling for help?She walked along the river with her pet dog She walked along the river with her pet dog following herfollowing her.一、定义：一、定义：虚义动词是不能在句中独立充当谓语的动词，虚义动词是不能在句中独立充当谓语的动词，虚义动词必须和其他词一起构成复合谓语。虚义动词必须和其他词一起构成复合谓语。二、分类：二、分类：情态动词是本身有一定词义，表示某种语气的情态动词是本身有一定词义，表示某种语气的动词。情态动词在句中只能与一个动词原形一动词。情态
49、动词在句中只能与一个动词原形一起构成复合谓语，不能单独做谓语。情态动词起构成复合谓语，不能单独做谓语。情态动词无人称和数的变化。无人称和数的变化。常见情态动词：常见情态动词：must,can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,ought to,need,dare/daredeg.He must stay here.We cant carry the heavy box.How dare you leave your home without your parents permission?情态动词虽然不能单独作谓语，但可以用于简情态动词虽然不能单独
50、作谓语，但可以用于简单回答，这时其实是一种省略。单回答，这时其实是一种省略。eg.-Can you play piano?-Yes,I can.注意：注意：1、有些情态动词可兼做实义动词，如、有些情态动词可兼做实义动词，如need,dare,etc.eg.The hungry man needs some food.(实动）实动）Need you go now?(情动：否定或疑问句中）情动：否定或疑问句中）注意：注意：2、情态动词无非谓语动词形式，即没有不、情态动词无非谓语动词形式，即没有不定式、定式、v-ing和过去分词形式，也没有第三人称单和过去分词形式，也没有第三人称单数形式。数形式。e