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1、创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意创创 作人：作人：荧多莘荧多莘日日 期：期：二二 OO 二二二二 年年 1 1 月月 1717 日日高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进展命题，旨在考察考生通过对原文快速阅读正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及区分主要信息和次要信息的才能。要求考生在阅读短文时，可以提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括才能，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：(
2、1)What would be the best title for the text?/What is the topic of the text?(2)The main topic/subject of the passage is _.(3)The main idea/The general idea is/The main theme of this passage is(4)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _.(5)What is mainly discussed in the text?(6)What
3、is the main idea of the passage?(7)Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(8)The purpose of this passage is.(9)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(10)Which of the following best summarized the passage?(11)The passage mainly focuses on.从上述
4、命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或者选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来详细分析此类题创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：目的解题技巧。怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意主题句定位法主题句定位法二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日文章是由段落组成的。段落是开展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想效劳的。寻找详细段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章构造，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题
5、句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾照应的主题句。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或者段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用阅读法(skimming)，阅读时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或者每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题
6、信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来表达，有以下五种情况：1.1.正三解形写作法正三解形写作法即中心主题句出如今文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或者开展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句那么出如今段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语，“导语实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题根据。创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：例题例题二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日In modern
7、society there is a great deal of argument about competition.Some valueit highly,believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity.Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;thatit leads to unfriendly relationship between people.71.What does this pass
8、age mainly talk about?A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D.Failures are necessary experience in competition.【答案与解析】选 B。文中第一句便提出了中心论点。2.2.倒三角形写作法倒三角形写作法即主题句出如今文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议
9、或者结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句那么常位于末段。例题例题 1 1The famous American gorilla(大猩猩)expert Diane Fossey had a completely newway to study gorillas she pretended to be one of them.She copied their actionsand way of life eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walkthe wa
10、y a gorilla does.It was a new relationship.创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into thepopular film Gorillas in the Mist.It was a longway from King Kong,which is abouta gorilla as a monster(a frightening animal)
11、,and helped to show a new idea:thereal monster is man,while the gorilla is to be admired.Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400450mountain gorillas in the wild.From the Congo in West Africa,to Rwanda and Ugandafurther east,they are endangered by hunting and by the
12、 cutting down of their foresthomes.Some time ago,I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World WideFund for Nature.It hadtwo photos side by side.One was of a young gorilla.“Thisis a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),said the words below it.“It is beingdestroyed by man.We must save it for our own g
13、ood.The other photo showed a humanbaby.The words also read,“This is a species of mammal,but then went on:“Itis the most destructive(破坏性的)on earth.We must retrain it for its own good.56.The text mainly talks about _.A.Diane Fossey B.the gorillas in RwandaC.the protection of the gorillas D.the film Go
14、rillas in the Mist例题On the Internet,we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日as we can.We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as wellas to our friends by Internet.Whats more,we can go to school on
15、the net,reada lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages.We also enjoy music,watchball matches on the net and play computer games.With the help of the net,we cando shopping even without leaving our homes.The Internet is playing a more and moreimportant part in our daily life.1.Whats the
16、 main idea of the passage?A.Keep away from the Internet.B.Surf the net.C.The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D.We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.【答案与解析】选 C。最后一句“The Internet is playing a more and more importantpart in our daily life.因特网在我们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用是全文的主题句。A 项远离网
17、络与主题不符。B 项上网过于笼统。D 项网上娱乐只不过是短文中的一个细节，不全面。3.3.圆形写作法圆形写作法即首尾照应的写作方法。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾照应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或者开展的意味。例题例题Lacrosse(曲棍球)is a popular sport in Canada.The Indians in Canada inventedit.They used it to train for war.They invented this game before Columbus arri
18、ved创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：in the New World.二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日People play lacrosse outdoors.The lacrosse field is seven meters long.At eachend of the field there is a goal.The goal is a net.There are ten players on eachteam.Each player hasa stick called“cross.The playerhit a ball int
19、othe netas many times as possible.Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catchand pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks.Players often get great funit playing lacrosse.There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada.Every nightCanadians can watch the lacrosse
20、games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games overthe radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.Today it is stillpopular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about .A.How to Play LacrosseB.Lacrosse in CanadaC.The History of LacrosseD.LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada【答案与解析】选
21、D。作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢送，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。4.4.菱形写作法菱形写作法即主题句出如今文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或者符合逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或者开展。创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：例题例题二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The three-day eventis not fixed to the same dates each y
22、ear,but generally takes place in November orDecember.It is well attended by tourists,but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies,after the official greetings from the governmentleaders,people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewingstands,and white camel
23、s transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen fromdifferent nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.Onefollowing another,groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara taketheir turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blueand y
24、ellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On theirknees in the sand,a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair:theirlong,dark,shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of theirdance.67.This passage mainly tells readers_.A.what happens on
25、the opening day of the Sahara FestivalB.how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara FestivalC.what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara FestivalD.how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival【答案与解析】从文中第二段第一句话“During the opening ceremonies,可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉
26、节开幕式上的活动。答案选A。创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：5.5.正方形写作法正方形写作法二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联络，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题那么迎刃而解。例题例题 1 1Handshaking,though a European practice is often seen in big cities of Chin
27、a.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long longago in Europe when people met,they showed their unarmed(无武器的)hands to eachother as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly,peoplein cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or
28、 to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting orleaving each other.“Lets shake(hands)on it sometimes means agreementreached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet?No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their h
29、ands too often to be polite.It isreally very impolite to give your hand when the other party,especially when it isa woman,shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting doesnot mean anything to him or-her.Even if,for politeness,he holds out his unwillinghand in answer to your u
30、ninvited hand,just touch it slightly.There is generallya misunderstanding(误解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open andstraightforward,while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日fact some people in western countries
31、 more reserved than some Chinese today.So itis a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in furtherrelations with you.65.The first paragraph mainly tells us _.A.where handshaking was first practisedB.how handshaking came aboutC.about the relationship between handshaking
32、 and tradeD.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China【答案与解析】选B。主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是议论握手是怎样产生的。67.The main purpose of the text is _.A.to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB.to offer us some important facts about handshakingC.to introduce us to some diffe
33、rent customs in the WestD.to give us some advice before we travel abroad例题例题 2 2Last August,Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-olddaughter,Maureen.With a checklist of criteria in hand,the Dallas family lookedaround the country visiting half a dozen schools.They sought a
34、 university thatoffered the teenagers intended major,one located neat a large city,and a campuswhere their daughter would be safe.创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日“The safety issue is abig one,says Joe Mahoney,who quickly discovered hewasnt alone in his worries.On campus tou
35、rs other parents voiced similar concerns,and the same question was always asked:what about crime?But when college officialsalways gave the same answer“Thats not a problem here,Mahoney beganto feel uneasy.“No crime whatsoever?comments Mahoney today.“I just dont buy it.Norshould he:in 1999 the U.S.Dep
36、artment of education had reports of nearly 400,000serious crimes on or around our campuses.“Parents need to understand that timeshave changed since they went to college,says David Nichols,author of Creatinga Safe Campus.“Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.But getting accurate information is
37、nt easy.Colleges must report crimestatistics(统计数字)by law,but some hold back for fear of bad publicity,leavingthe honest ones looking dangerous.“The truth may not always be serious,warmsS.Daniel Carter of Security on Campus,Inc.,the nations leading campus safetywatchdog group.To help concerned parent
38、s,Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to expertsaround the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions.60.What is the text mainly about?A.Exact campus crime statisticscampusesC.Effective solutions to campus crimecampus safetyD.Concerns about kidsB.Crimes on or around创 作人：荧多
39、莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日【答案与解析】选D。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文紧紧围绕“关注大园平安问题Concerns about kids campus safety。怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或者拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意确实定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明
40、文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性概括性或者覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要防止以下三种情况：概括不够 多表现为局部代整体，从而导致范围太小；过度概括多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥；以事实、细节替代抽象详细的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的根底上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有亲密的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大那么中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；准确度高，不能随意改
41、变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比拟醒目，甚至比拟离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要理解标题的根本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或者中心思想的词创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日组。比方某一文章的中心句为：CHINA
42、 issued the first set of stamps depicting the top128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov.18 2021 in Beijing.话题：Stamps控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinesefamily names标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names例题例题 1 1He wishes the holidayseason would end alr
43、eady.His back aches,his red suitfeels like a spacesuit,his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours The questions from children these days are harder than ever.Now,with thousandsof children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan,thequestions are as heart-breaking as they
44、 are unanswerable.For example,“Can youplease bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued(指控)59What would be the best title for the passage?AChristmas:Not a Good Festival for SantasBIs Santa Claus Really Alive?CA Christmas StoryDWh
45、at Does Santa Claus Do for Children?th创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：例题例题 2 2二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日Every year on my birthday,from the time I turned 12,a white gardenia wasdelivered to my house.No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpfulat all.After a while I stopped trying to
46、 discover the senders name and justdelighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be.Some of my happiest momentswere spent daydreaming about the sender.My mother encouraged these imaginings.Shed ask me if there was someone for whom I had
47、done special kindness.Perhapsit was the old man acros s the street whose mail Id delivered during the winter.As a girl,though,I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation,my father died.I felt so sad that I becamecompletely uninterested in my upcoming
48、 g raduation dance,and I didnt care if Ihad a new dress or not.But my mother,in her own sadness,would not let me missany of those things.She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable.In truth,my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely,strongand perfect with per
49、haps a bit of mystery(神秘)My mother died ten days after I was married.I was 22.That was the year thegardenia stopped coming.41.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.A childhood Dream.B.A Mothers Love.D.A Special Birthday.C.A Graduation Party.【答案与解析】选B。此题考察了篇章理解和主旨概括才能。结合整篇，尤其是最后一创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日段不难看出母亲对女儿的一片良苦用心。“母爱这一标题简洁、形象又能突出本文主题。创 作人：荧多莘日 期：二 O 二二 年 1 月 17 日