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1、考点33阅读理解说明文(重难题型)说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事 理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象 到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读 说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、 特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的 科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难 的方式
2、，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一 是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活, 同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%o不过考生可以通过说明 文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如 破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。命题方式考向一细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：在列举处命题，如用 first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)finally n
3、ot onlybut also then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事 实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、 for example for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在 转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike until、not so much.as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷 换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项札 考生要标
4、记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。在 复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关 系和语法关系。细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅 读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。考向二语意猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常 进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part .in paragraph. refers to.或 what does the underlined
5、word mean?或 what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应 认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。 也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同 位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变 换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it, they, them等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真 阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指
6、代对象。The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues （线索），or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?A. By following instructions.B. By using
7、 a tool.C. By turning the box around.D. By removing the lid.25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A. Using a key to unlock a door.B. Telling parrots from other birds.C. Putting a ball into a round hole.D. Grouping toys of different shapes.26. What does the
8、 follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A. How far they are able to see.C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?B. How they track moving objects.D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.A. Cockatoos: Quick Error CheckersC. Cockatoos
9、: Clever Signal-ReadersB. Cockatoos: Independent Learners D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters5.【2022全国乙卷C篇】Can a small group of drones （无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future
10、of applying todays “eyes in the sky, technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure （基础设施）worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspe
11、ct railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be mor
12、e efficient （高效）across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspec
13、t and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any s
14、afety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail dont need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI
15、and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
16、B. Drones ability to work at highaltitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designingdrones.D.Drones9 reliable performance inremoteareas.29. What does “maintenance“ underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B.Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D.Construction of infrastructure.30
17、. What function is expected of the rail drones?A. To provide early warning.B. To make trains run automatically.C To earn profits for the crews.D. To accelerate transportation.31. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can
18、 Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways6.【2022年全国甲卷D篇】The Governments sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.First
19、announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity （月巴月半）, It is believed that todays children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk
20、 of the disease.Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate 240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.It comes afte
21、r more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers （制 造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers9 efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks compa
22、nies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.However some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-b
23、ased drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than Im litres per year.Todays figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities （设施）and healthie
24、r eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?A To collect money for schools.B. To improve the quality of drinks.C. To protect childrens health.D. To encourage
25、research in education.33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?A. They turned to overseas markets.B. They raised the prices of their products.C. They cut down on their production.D. They reduced their products? sugar content.34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collecte
26、d?A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Coke.35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?A. It is a short-sighted decision.B. It is a success story.C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets customers.7.【2022年新高考2卷C篇Over the last seven year
27、s, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving
28、, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted （分心、）driving was only increasin
29、g, unfortunately. nnBig change requires big ideas. n he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving
30、 like drunk driving.An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activi
31、ty. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New Yorks hands-free driving laws.“We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,said Felix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the states 2001 ban on hand-held devices
32、 by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, npeople are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers* texting in the US?A. Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C. Inconsistent.D.Unfair.8. What can the Textalyzer help a polic
33、e officer find out?A. Where a driver camefrom.B.Whether a driver usedtheir phone.C. How fast a driver was going.D.When a driverarrivedat thescene.9. What does the underlined word somethingn in the last paragraph refer to?A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.10. What is a suitable title for the text?A.
34、 To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You StartB. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the TextalyzerC. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.8.【2022年新高考2卷D篇】As we age, even if were healthy, the heart just isnt as efficient in processing oxyg
35、en as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who dont exercise, the changes can start even sooner.“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,says Dr
36、. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. Thats what happens to the heart. Fortunately fbr those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you havent been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.Levine and his research team selected volun
37、teers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic （无氧）exercise-balance training and weight training-three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aer
38、obic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,“ says Levine. And the reason they got so much stronger an
39、d fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump （泵送）a lot more blood during exercise.But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didnt change, he says.“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you havent already, is in late middle age when the heart st
40、ill has flexibility,Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levines findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repea
41、ted with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.11. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising.B. The causes of a heart attack.C. The difficulty of keeping fit.D. The aging p
42、rocess of the heart.12. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan.B. Professional background.C. Exercise type.D. Previous physical condition.13. What does Levines research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.B. High-intensity exer
43、cise is more suitable for the young.C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.14. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.C. Conducting further research.D. Clar
44、ifying the purpose of the study.2021年高考真题】1. 2021新高考1卷C篇】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took
45、the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl （水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
46、 populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat （栖息地）.In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act （Act）, an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory （迁徙的） waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all wate
47、rfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. Ding Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
48、 Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System
49、a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.1 .What was