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1、WORD 版IBM system office room【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8 C) engineering designThe process of machine designTEXT 2Working drawings are the complete set of standardized drawings specifying the manufacture and assembly of a product based on its design. The complexity of the design determines the nu
2、mber and types of drawings. Working drawings may be on more than one sheet and may contain written instructions called specifications.Working drawings are blueprints used for manufacturing products. Therefore, the set of drawings must: (a) completely describe the parts, both visually and dimensional
3、ly;(b)show the parts in assembly; (3)identify all the parts; and (4)specify standard parts. The graphics and text information must be sufficiently complete and accurate to manufacture and assemble the product without error.共5页第2Generally, a complete set of Working drawings for an assembly includes:(
4、1) Detail drawings of each nonstandard parts.(2) An assembly or subassembly drawing showing all the standard and nonstandard parts in a single drawing.(3) A bill of materials (BOM).(4) A title block.A detail drawing is a dimensioned, multiview drawing of a single part, describing the part? s shape,
5、size, material, and surface roughness, in sufficient detail for the part to be manufactured based on the drawing alone. Detail drawings are produced from design sketches or extracted from 3-D computer models. They adhere strictly to ANSI standards and the standard for the specific company, for dimen
6、sioning, assigning part numbers, notes, tolerances, etc.In an assembly, standard parts such as threaded fasteners and bearings are not drawn as details, but are shown in the assembly view. Standard parts are not drawn as details because they are normally purchased, not manufactured, for assembly.For
7、 large assemblies or assembled with large parts, details are drawn on multiple sheets, and a separate sheet is used for the assembly view. If the assembly is simple or the parts are small, detail drawings for each part of an assembly can be placed on a single sheet.Multiple details on a sheet are us
8、ually drawn at the same scale.TEXT 3One principle aim of kinematics is to create (design) the desired motions of the subjects mechanical parts and then mathematically compute the positions, velocities, and accelerations, which those will create on the parts. Since, for most earthbound mechanical sys
9、tems, the mass remains essentially constant with time, defining the accelerations as a function of time then also defines the dynamic forces as a function of time. Stresses, in turn, will be a function of both applied and inertial (ma) forces. Since engineering design is charged with creating system
10、s which will not fail during their expected service life, the goal is to keep stresses within acceptable limits for the materials chosen and the environmental conditions encountered. This obviously requires that all system forces be defined and kept within desired limits. In machinery, the largest f
11、orces encountered are often those due to the dynamics of the machine itself. These dynamic forces are proportional to acceleration, which brings us back to kinematics, the foundation of mechanical design. Very basic and early decision in the design process involving kinematic principles can be cruci
12、al to the success of any mechanical design; a design which has poor kinematics will prove troublesome and perform badly.Any mechanical system can be classified according to the number of degree of freedom (DOF) which it processes. The system s DOF is equal to the number of independent parameters whi
13、ch are needed to uniquely define its position in space at any instant of time.A rigid body free to move within a reference frame will, in the general case, has complex motion, which is a simultaneous combination of rotation and translation. In three-dimensional space, there may be rotation about any
14、 axis and also simultaneous translation which can be resolved into components along three axes. In a plane, or twodimensional space, complex motion becomes a combination of simultaneous rotation about one axis (perpendicular to the plane) and also translation resolved into components along two axes
15、in the planeKinematics research focus on the following EXCEPTA) accelerationsB) forceC) positions,D) velocities42 From the passage that for the design engineer the first and most important isA) the service life of a machine B) the materials chooseC) the degree of freedomD) kinematic principles43 An
16、mechanical system has uniquely defined position in space at any instant of time that .A) It should has one DOFIt should Has two DOFB) the DOF and the number of independent parameters should equalIt should has any DOF as want44、 which one of the following is NOT TRUE?.A) A rigid body free to move in
17、three-dimensional space may rotation about any axisA rigid body free to move in three-dimensional space is a simultaneouscombination of rotation and translationA rigid body free to move in three-dimensional space can be resolved into components along three axesB) A rigid body free to move in three-d
18、imensional space may has complex motion45 The best title for this passage would beA) kinematicsB) dynamicsC) kinematics and dynamic D) the important of kinematics共5页第四、英译汉（共20分）.将下列英语句子译成汉语（共5小题，每小题2分）(1) A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real mac
19、hine member.(2) Foundations should ensure the machine? s stiffness; shock absorption and isolation are secondary considerations.(3)Thus, if a mechanical component such as a spring is subjected to repetitive or cyclical applications of stress levels much lower than the ultimate strength, it will frac
20、ture after a large number of repetitions of this stress.(4) Interchangeability means that identical parts must beinterchangeable, i.e., able to replace each other, whether during assembly or subsequent maintenance work; without the need for any fitting operations.(5) A gear can be gripped axially be
21、tween a shoulder on the shaft and a spacer, with torque being transmitted through a key.2、将下段英语翻译成汉语（10分）As we look around us we see a world full of “things” , machines, devices, tools, things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from e
22、xperience that some things are better than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, or are ease to use. Ideally , however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirementsn as perceived by the designersthat is, it hs been designed so as to(5)当一个装置意外地失效后，通常
23、需要进行研究工作，来找出失效的原因和确定可能的改正措施。2.将下段汉语翻译成英语(10分)密度：材料的密度是指单位体积材料的质量。另外一个术语是比重，其表示某种材料的密度与水 的密度的比值，因此，比重没有单位。对于如飞机和航天结构、汽车车体和部件，以及其他一些产 品，当能量消耗和动力限制是主要考虑的因素时，减轻重量尤其重要。在设计先进的设备与机器和 设计诸如汽车等消费品的过程中，采用新的替代材料来减轻重量和降低成本是一个应该着重考虑的 问题共5页第XX交通 大 学 试 卷20092010学年 第2学期iT得分1-5：20092010学年第2学期机械工程专业英语答题纸（重修）一、选择题：（本大题
24、共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分） 6-10： 11-15: 二、完形填空：（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分）16-20：21-25 ：（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，总计3036-40 ：41-45：得分四、英译汉（满分20分）1、将下列英语句子译成汉语（共5小题，每小题2分）(1)2、将下段英语翻译成汉语ao分）题号四五总分得分五、汉译英（满分20分）得分(1)1、汉译英（共5小题，每小题2分）(2)(3)(4) .(5) 2、将下段汉语翻译成英语（10分）20092010学年第2学期专业英语 参考答案及评分标准（重修）选择题：（本大题共15小题,选择题：（本大题共15小题,每
25、小题1分，总计15分）1-5： BCDCB 6-10： ACBCA 11-151-5： BCDCB 6-10： ACBCA 11-15DACAB二、完形填空:二、完形填空:（本大题共15小题,每小题1分，总计15分）16-20： BDABC16-20： BDABC21-25 ： BABDB26-30： CBCAD三、阅读理解:三、阅读理解:（本大题共20小题,每小题2分，总计40分）31-35： ADABC36-40 ： BC ACD41-45： BDCA C四、翻译（满分40分）1、英译汉，（共5小题，每小题2分）(1) A perfectly rigid or inextensible l
26、ink can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.一个绝对刚性或者不可伸长的构件只能作为真实机器零件在教科书中的模型而 存在。(2) Foundations should ensure the machine, s stiffness; shock absorption and isolation are secondary considerations.基础应该保证机器的刚度，减震和隔离是次要的考虑事项。(3)Thus, if a mechanical component such as a spr
27、ing is subjected to repetitive or cyclical applications of stress levels much lower than the ultimate strength, it will fracture after a large number of repetitions of this stress.因此，像弹簧这样的机械零件，在比其极限强度低很多的重复应力或周期性应 力下，经过很多次的重复作用之后也会发生断裂.(4) Interchangeabi1ity means that identical parts must be inter
28、changeable, i. e. , able to replace each other, whether during assembly or subsequent maintenance work; without the need for any fitting operations.互换性意味着在相同的零件之间必须能够进行互换。无论是在装配时还是在其 后的维修时，这些零件都可以互相取代而不需任何修配工作。(5) A gear can be gripped axially between a shoulder on the shaft and a spacer, with torqu
29、e being transmitted through a key.一个齿轮可以用轴肩和挡圈进行轴向固定，并通过键来传递。2、英译汉，10分As we look around us we see a world full of “things” , machines, devices, tools, things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some things are bett
30、er than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, or are ease to use. Ideally , however, every such item has been designed according to some set of afunctional requirements as perceived by the designers一that is, it hs been designed so as to answer the question, “exactly what function should
31、it perform?” In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia , pressure, etc.当我们环顾四周，我们可以看到一个充满“物体”的世界，机器、设备、工具 等一切由我们设计、建造和使用的物体；有木头、金属、水泥和塑料制成的物 体。从我们的经验我们知道一些物体会比其他一些物体更好，如使用寿命更 长，成本更低，更轻便或者更容易使用。然而，在理想的情况下，每一件产品都是设计人员根据其对某些“功能要
32、 求”的理解而设计出来的，也就是说，在设计过程中，应该回答这样的问题， 即“它应该具有那种确切的功能？ ”在工程界中，最经常的功能是支撑一些由于重量、惯性力及压力等引起的载 荷。3、汉译英(共5小题，每小题2分)(1) 一个或多个诸如齿轮，链轮，皮带轮和凸轮等类的构件通常借助于销、 键、花键、卡环或其它装置连接到轴上。One or more members such as gears, sprockets, pulleys, and cams are usually attached to the shaft by means of pins, keys, splines, snap ring
33、s, and other devices.(2)运动学仅研究机构的运动，而不考虑作用在机构上的力。Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms without reference to the forces that act on the mechanism.(3)工程上的许多问题在其本质上是非线性的，也就是说恢复力并不与位移成 正比，而且阻尼力也不与速度的一次方成正比。Many vibration problems in engineering are nonlinear in nature, i. e. the restoring forc
34、es are not proportional to the displacements and the clamping forces are not proportional to the first power of the velocity.(4) A reference line drawn on the body changes its linear position but does not change its angular orientation.在物体上所画的一条基准线，只会改变他的位置，而不会改变他的角度方 向。(5)当一个装置意外地失效后，通常需要进行研究工作，来找出
35、失效的原因和确定可能的改正措施。When a device fails (unexpectedly) it is often necessary to carry out a study to pinpoint the cause of failure and to identify potential corrective measures4、汉译英，10分密度：材料的密度是指单位体积材料的质量。另外一个术语是比重，其表示某 种材料的密度与水的密度的比值，因此，比重没有单位。对于如飞机和航天结 构、汽车车体和部件，以及其他一些产品，当能量消耗和动力限制是主要考虑 的因素时，减轻重量尤其重要。
36、在设计先进的设备与机器和设计诸如汽车等消 费品的过程中，采用新的替代材料来减轻重量和降低成本是一个应该着重考虑 的问题Density: the density of a material is its mass per unit volume.Another term id specific gravity, which express a material? s density in relation to that of water, and thus, it has no units. Weight saving is important particularly for aircraf
37、t and aerospace structures, for automotive bodies and components, and for other products where energy consumption and power limitations are major concerns. Substitution of materials for the sake of weight saving and economy is a major factor in the design both of advanced equipment and machinery and
38、 of consumer products, such as automobiles.班级学号教研室主任（签字）学院院长（系主任）（签字）课程机械工程专业英语课程性质（口必修口限选任选） 考试方式（口闭卷口开卷）壮 选择题（在每题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，本大题共15小 题，每小题1分，总计15分）1. If all points in a linkage move in parallel planes the system undergoes planar motion and the linkage may be described as a .i丁一, planar motion
39、B. planar linkage C. joints D. slide2. Though frame material and design should handle damping, are sometimes built into frame sections to handle specific problems.续 .beamsB. holesC. dampersD. screw3. The maximum allowable deflection of a shaft determined by critical speed, gear, or bearing requireme
40、nts.A. often B. must C. was D. is usuallyWe will have to to better and better solutions as wegenerate more information.A. repeat many times B. iterating C. iterate D. try waysIf a product configuration is specified and then examined to determine whether the performance requirements are题号 一四五六七八总分得分C
41、. degradation*corrosionD. corrosion* degradation12. Most framescastiron, we 1d steel, composition, or concrete.A. are made fromB. are made upofC. was produced byD. was consistof13. Rotatingshafts particularly those thatrun at high speeds, must be designed toavoidoperationat, overloadC.criticalD. hol
42、low14. Althoughcastironis a fairly cheap material, each casting requires aA. patternB. modelC. moldD.patent15. The termis used to describe joints with surface contact,aswitha pinspeeds.surrounded by a hole.A. high pairB. low pairC. surface pairD.rotary pair每小题1二、完型填空（在每个小题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，本大题共15小题, 分
43、，总计15分）The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and transmits power. One or more members such as gears, sprockets, pulleys, and cams are usually (16) to the shaft by means of pins, keys, splines, snap rings, and other devices. These latter members
44、 are among the “associated parts” considered in this text, as are couplings and universal joint, which serve to (17) the shaft to the source of power or load.A c L c F 4- ccn Lcy/c c nc s die c s ccc ccc+rcnncccccc s i 1 t r s c + c + c考生注意：考试时间 120分钟试卷总分1注 分第1页Sometimes members like gears and cams
45、are made (28) with shaft, but more often such members (which also include pulleys, sprockets, etc)are made separately and then (29) shaft. The portion of the mounted member in contact with the shaft is thehub. Attachment of the hub to the shaft is made in variety ofways. A gear can be gripped (30) b
46、etween a shoulder on the shaft and a spacer, with torque being transmitted through a key. Thegrooves in the shaftkeyways.nTand hub into which the key fits are called16 A) cement concrete17 A) endure connect18 A) support19 A) aims20 A) due to21、B) attachedB) transmitB) meetB) idlerB) weatherC) connec
47、tedC) serveC) satisfyC) terminalC) whetherD)D)D) strongD) tombD) forA) elasticity B) torsionalC) inertia D)acceleration22、A) subjectedB) connectC) andD) From23、A) deeplyB) strengthC) clearly understandD)long time24、A) identifyB) crossC) roundD)lateralread as follows.Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is decision making process (often iterative), in which