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1、2023年高考英语名校试题热点重点话题精选精选04劳动力与就业问题热点介绍就业是最大的民生，关系到千家万户的生活。我国有14亿多的人口、9亿劳动力，解决好就业问题, 始终是经济社会开展的一项重大任务。党的十八大以来，按照党中央决策部署，各地区、各部门紧紧围绕 实现更加充分更高质量的就业目标，深入实施就业优先战略，丰富开展积极的就业政策，持续强化就业优 先导向，在我国经济下行、外部环境复杂严峻的情况下，就业局势保持总体稳定，在14亿多人口的大国实 现了比拟充分的就业，成为民生改善、经济开展的重要支撑。十年来，我国城镇新增就业年均超1300万人，十年累计实现城镇新增就业1.3亿人。数据显示，201
2、4 年城镇就业人员比重首次超过乡村，我国城乡就业格局已经发生历史性改变，2021年城镇就业人员占比达 到62.7%,比2012年提高了 13.8个百分点。与此同时，中西部地区劳动力就近就地就业和返乡创业趋势明 显，许多市县由劳务输出地变成了劳务输入地，“就业不再去远方，家乡就是好地方”成为务工新潮流，区域 就业结构更趋均衡。十年来，高校毕业生、农民工、就业困难人员等重点群体就业平稳。重点群体稳，就业大局稳。在高 校毕业生人数连年增长的情况下，实现了 8000多万高校毕业生总体就业水平保持稳定。农民工总量从2012 年的26261万人增至2021年的29251万人。累计促进失业人员再就业5501
3、万人，帮扶困难人员就业1768万 人。值得注意的是，党的十八大以来，就业扶贫发挥了巨大功效。在脱贫攻坚战略实施期间，90%以上建档 立卡贫困人口得到了产业扶贫和就业扶贫支持，三分之二以上主要靠外出务工和产业脱贫。我国累计建设 扶贫车间32688个，吸纳贫困人口家门口就业43.7万人，全国外出务工贫困劳动力将近3000万人。每一份工作的背后，都连接着一个家庭的幸福。党的十八大以来，就业在推动经济社会稳定协调开展 方面发挥了积极作用，无论是城镇登记失业率，还是城镇调查失业率，都保持在较低水平。即使面临经济 下行压力加大、中美贸易摩擦和新冠肺炎疫情等各种内外部因素的冲击，我国的劳动力市场依然表现出较
4、 强的韧性。（来源：光明网，2022年09月13日）题型精选C. Well enjoy increased job security.D. Well invest our savings more wisely.16. What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A. To stress the benefits of secure jobs.B. To promote awareness of income gaps.C. To illustrate the importance of education.D. To introduce t
5、he impacts of school systems.【答案】13.B 14. C 15. A 16. C【分析】本篇是说明文。文章阐述了人的教育经历对其工作的收入、稳定程度、其他福利、退休年龄等方 面的影响。13 .细节理解题。根据第二段“Unsurprisingly, individuals without a high school diploma earn the lowest annual salary （about $31,000）, and have the greatest risk of being unemployed. But if they went on to o
6、btain their high school diploma, they9d have the potential to earn close to $8,000 more per year.（毫不奇怪，没有高中文凭的个人 年薪最低（约31000美元），失业风险最大。但如果他们继续获得高中文凭，他们就有可能每年多赚近8000 美元）”和第三段“But the biggest jump in annual salary potential, as expected, comes when someone goes from having a high school diploma to ear
7、ning a bachelors degree, which is about a $26,000 increase annually.（但正如 预期的那样，年薪增长潜力最大的是，当一个人从高中毕业到获得学士学位，每年大约增加26000美元广 可知，拥有学士学位的人的平均年收入是31,000美元+ 8000美元+26000=65000美元。因此，拥有学士学 位的人的平均年收入是B项“About $65,000.（大约65000美元。户符合题意，应选B项。14 .细节理解题。根据第三段第二句What comes as a surprise is that having completed som
8、e college course work is better than having no college credits at all. With some college but no degree, one can increase his annual earnings by $5,000 over having a high school diploma alone, and see his job security increase a bit.（令人惊讶的 是，完成一些大学课程总比没有大学学分要好。有了大学但没有学位，一个人的年收入可以比仅仅拥有高 中文凭增加5000美元，他的
9、工作保障也会有所增加。）”可知，上过大学但未获得学位的大学教育经历对薪 水的提升让人意外。因此，意外的加薪因素的教育水平是C项“Some college but no degree.（有些大学，但没 有学位。广符合题意，应选C项。15 .推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Those who work past age 65 have more opportunity to save fbr retirement, and increase their eventual Social Security benefits. In addition, working past the typical re
10、tirement age keeps them intellectually challenged, engaged with the world and connected to friends and coworkers. （65 岁 以上工作的人有 更多的机会为退休储蓄，并增加他们最终的社会保障福利。此外，超过典型退休年龄的工作使他们在智力上受到挑战，与世界接触，与朋友和同事保持联系。户可知，延迟退休可以让人们有更多的机会储蓄、提高 人们的社保福利，还能让老年人在工作状态中保持思考、与世界相连、与朋友和同事保持联络，总的来说， 延迟退休能让人的生活更加满意。因此，延迟退休对我们有什么好处
11、是A项“Well live a more fulfilling life. （我们会过上更充实的生活广符合题意，应选A项。16 .推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段Study after study shows that the more education, the higher your salary.（一项又一项研究说明，受教育程度越高，你的工资就越高。但故事还有很多。户以及最后一段“The bottom line is that education does have an impact on your potential earnings. But thats just one pa
12、rt of the story. More education may also lead to increased job security, better access to health care, increased security in retirement, and even a more fulfilling life.（归根结底，教育确实会影响你的潜在收入。但这只是故事的一局部。更多的 教育还可能带来更高的工作保障、更好的医疗保障、更高的退休保障，甚至更充实的生活户可知，本文主要 说明了受教育程度对个人收入、福利等等影响巨大。因此，作者写这篇文章的目的是C项“T。illust
13、rate the importance of education.（说明教育的重要性）”符合题意，应选C项。5（2022天津高三专题练习）In 1910, the Los Angeles Times ran a story about a boy who was charged with opening a valve （阀门）on a water pump powered by a steam engine to release the built-up pressure. His whole job consisted of staring at these machines all da
14、y, which was incredibly boring. The lazy ” boy then invented a release for the pump to run just as it should and won his freedom. The first automatic steam engine was born.This story may be fictional, but the boys behavior reflects a deeper truth. When we are feeling lazy, we often search for an eas
15、ier way, trying to update the process and save time and effort. In other words, laziness can drive innovation.In recent years, some psychologists and business leaders have wised up to this insight, changing our perspective of what laziness really means. Both Bill Gates and Walter Chrysler have been
16、credited with a quote: I always choose a lazy person to do a hard job because a lazy person will find an easy way to do it.”Our brains are born for laziness. Compared with our ancestors who had to conserve energy to compete for food, flee from predators, and fight, we now dont take survival as a dai
17、ly issue. It seems natural that we would choose to be “lazier” , but the opposite has occurred. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Americans sleep less and work more than we used to; productivity per worker has gone up 400 percent since 1950. Our culture teaches us that our worth depe
18、nds on how industrious we are, so we work even harder to produce even more.But there9s one big paradox （悖论），sad but true: The harder we work, the less productive we are. Whendemand increases, we tend to push harder. Yet the trouble is that, without any refresh and recharge, we are less efficient, ma
19、ke more mistakes, and get less engaged with what were doing.Therefore, how can we make our labor more meaningful and our lives more fulfilling? Current research in psychology and neuroscience points to a new understanding of the value of the wandering mind. Taking breaks and allowing your thoughts t
20、o drift can help your brain retain information, refocus, and gain fresh perspective.Heres the core problem: When the time finally comes to put our feet up, we often dont know how. We have little training in how to be idle. But at least give it a shot. Maybe this week, notice some downtime in your da
21、y, some white space in your calendar. Instead of filling the space with more work, just sit in the sofa, and be, in the words of poet Mary Oliver, idle and blessed.”The author tells the story in paragraph 1 to prove.A. the kid needs punishingB. boredom enhances productivityC. creativity contributes
22、to lazinessD. laziness inspires new ideas17. How did the author support his opinion in the third paragraph?A. By listing some numbers of being lazy.B. By quoting some great figures5 words.C. By making a comparison between two great figures.D. By giving examples of how to be creative.18. What can we
23、infer from paragraph 4?A. People nowadays dont have to face poverty. B. Modern society honors creativity.C. Americans lives a poorer life than before. D. Ancestors consider industry as a value.19. Which of the following idea will the author probably agree with?A. Working 24 -7 with a tight schedule.
24、B. Taking three part-time jobs to fill weekends.C. Watching a stand-up comedy after a busy weekday.D. Attending a formal dinner with business purpose.20. The author writes this passage to.A. compare the previous understanding of idleness to the newpersuade people to give up the value of hard workB.
25、criticize the irresponsible attitude towards lifeencourage people to keep refreshed for better work and life【答案】17.D 18. B 19. D 20. C 21. D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了一个新颖的观点：“懒惰”往往能驱动我们进行创新。17 .推理判断题。根据第一段的“The “ lazy boy then invented a release for the pump to run just as it should and won his freedom. Th
26、e first automatic steam engine was born.（这个叶赖惰的男孩创造了一种能让水泵正常运转 的装置，赢得了自由。第一台自动蒸汽机诞生了）”和第二段“This story may be fictional, but the boys behavior reflects a deeper truth. When we are feeling lazy, we often search for an easier way, trying to update the process and save time and effort. In other words, l
27、aziness can drive innovation.（这个故事可能是虚构的，但这个男孩的行为 反映了一个更深层次的事实。当我们感到懒惰时，我们经常寻找更简单的方法，试图更新流程，节省时间 和精力。换句话说，懒惰可以推动创新户推知，第一段提到这个男孩的故事是为了证明懒惰激发新想法，即 懒惰可以推动创新。应选D。18 .推理判断题。根据第三段“In recent years, some psychologists and business leaders have wised up to this insight, changing our perspective of what lazin
28、ess really means. Both Bill Gates and Walter Chrysler have been credited with a quote: u I always choose a lazy person to do a hard job because a lazy person will find an easy way to do it.（近年来，一些心理学家和商界领袖认识到了这一点，改变了我们对懒惰真正含义的看法。Bill Gates 和Walter Chrysler都曾说过一句话：我总是选择懒惰的人去做困难的工作，因为懒惰的人会找到一种简单 的方法。广
29、推知，作者通过引用一些伟大人物的话来支持他的观点。应选B。19 .推理判断题。根据第四段的“Our culture teaches us that our worth depends on how industrious we are, so we work even harder to produce even more.（我们的文化告诉我们，我们的价值取决于我们有多勤奋，所以我们更 加努力地工作以生产更多的东西广可知，我们的文化告诉我们，我们的价值取决于我们有多努力、生产了多 少东西。由此推知，祖先们认为勤劳是一种价值。应选D。20 .推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Taking break
30、s and allowing your thoughts to drift can help your brain retain information, refocus, and gain fresh perspective.（休息一下，让你的思想游离一下，可以帮助你的大脑记住信 息，重新集中注意力，获得新的视角）”和最后一段的“We have little training in how to be idle. But at least give it a shot. Maybe this week, notice some downtime in your day, some white
31、 space in your calendar. Instead of filling the space with more work, just sit in the sofa, and be, in the words of poet Mary Oliver, idle and blessed.“（我彳门 几乎没有受过如何闲着的训练。但至少试一试。也许这周，注意到你一天中的一些休息时间，日历上的一 些空白。不要用更多的工作填满空间，只要坐在沙发上，用诗人Mary Oliver的话来说，悠闲而幸福了可知， 作者认为我们应该适当休息，不要让工作把日程填满，偶尔让思想游离，这样有助于记忆和重新
32、集中精力。 由此推知，作者可能会同意C项“在繁忙的工作日后看单口喜剧: 应选C。21 .推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要论述了一个新颖的观点：“懒惰”往往能驱动我们进行创新。结合 最后一段的“We have little training in how to be idle. But at least give it a shot. Maybe this week, notice some downtime in your day, some white space in your calendar. Instead of filling the space with more work,
33、just sit in the sofa, and be, in the words of poet Mary Oliver,idle and blessed. （我们几乎没有受过如何闲着的训练。但至少 试一试。也许这周，注意到你一天中的一些休息时间，日历上的一些空白。不要用更多的工作填满空间， 只要坐在沙发上，用诗人Mary Oliver的话来说，悠闲而幸福了推知，作者写作本文的目的是鼓励人们为了 更好的工作和生活适当休息，以保持精力充分。应选D。6（2022北京高三专题练习）The term labor shortage1 was Googled more in May. Headline
34、 after headline has cited wage rises and bonuses that seem to make it a job huntefs market.The concept sounds simple - American companies must be struggling to find the employees they need. Yet some labor economists would argue the picture isnt complete. Employers are unable to find the workers they
35、 want at the wages theyre willing to pay. Failing to appreciate this distinction could lead to policy errors down the road.The laws of supply and demand should make spotting labor shortages relatively straightforward. When there arent enough workers, employers pay more to get them and wages go up.Ye
36、t quickening wage growth isnt the only mark of a shortage. The sign is seeing this trend alongside stalling （停滞） job growth. Just look at whats been happening in the leisure and hotel industry, among the most bruised by the COVID-19 shutdown. After jobs almost disappeared during the pandemic, were s
37、tarting to see a rebound: In May, the industry created 292,000 jobs, far outpacing other comers of the economy. Meanwhile, average weekly earnings have been rising faster. In other words, the market is working to resolve a shortage: When employers lift wages, theyre able to attract the employees the
38、y need. Yet, the industry wages are only just meeting pre-COVID levels; they are not too high.To assess a shortage accurately, though, you need to look beyond industries to specific locations and occupations. The taxicab queuing model was used to address the debate about a shortage of workers in eng
39、ineering. Employers and job openings can be thought of as taxis, while workers are a line of waiting passengers. Depending on your location, there may be a long line of taxis （say, at the airport）, or on the contrary a long line of passengers （at a hotel）. Demand for chemistry engineers in Texas, fo
40、r example, is different from chemistry engineers inMassachusetts.The bottom line is that, in the market, shortages are not universal. Simultaneous shortages and surpluses can come to the force across the economy at any given point, which is why broad-brush policies can be counterproductive.21. What
41、could lead to policy mistakes in the future?A. The views of some labor economists.B. Misunderstandings about labor shortages.C. Workers who have difficulty in finding jobs.D. The salaries the employers are willing to pay.22. What does May*s rebound jobs in the leisure and hotel industry tell us?A. T
42、he leisure and hotel industry is doing a very successful business.B. Rapid wage growth connects with stalling employment growth.C. The economy recovered quickly after the COVID-19.D. Employees are eager to work after the COVID-19.23. Why does the author mention “The taxicab queuing model“ in paragra
43、ph 5?A. To explain an opinion.B. To clarify a concept.C. To present a fact.D. To make a prediction.24. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?1 . Job market is expected to be stronger. Take wisdom to assess labor shortages8 . Competitors are eager to keep talentLet the market fix la
44、bor shortages【答案】22.B 23. B 24. A 25. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述市场调节劳动力短缺问题，从实际出发，因时度势，任何偏颇的观点 可能会使政策适得其反。22 .细节理解题。从第二段“Yet some labor economists would argue the picture isnt complete. Employers are unable to find the workers they want at the wages theyre willing to pay. Failing to appreciate this distincti
45、on could lead to policy errors down the road.（然而，一些劳动经济学家会说，情况还不完整。雇主无法以他们愿意支 付的工资找到他们想要的工人。未能认识到这一区别，可能会导致今后的政策失误。）“可知，对劳动力短 缺的误解会导致将来的政策失误。应选B。23 .推理判断题。第四段首先陈述Yet quickening wage growth isnt the only mark of a shortage. The sign is seeing this trend alongside stalling job growth.（然而，加快工资增长并不是短缺的唯
46、一标志。有迹象说明， 这一趋势与就业增长停滞同时出现。）“，然后通过“五月份的休闲和酒店行业岗位激增，主要是前段时间受 C0VID-19关闭影响的原因”的例子说明“工资快速增长与就业增长停滞有关”。应选B项。24 .推理判断题。第五段前两句To assess a shortage accurately, though, you need to look beyond industries to specific locations and occupations. The taxicab queuing model was used to address the debate about a
47、shortage of workers in engineering.（然而，要准确评估短缺情况，你需要把目光从行业转移到特定的地点和职业。用 出租车排队模型来解决工程界关于工人短缺的争论）”可知，用出租车排队模型主要是解释上述提到的观点。 应选Ao.主旨大意题。文章第一段引出“劳动力短缺”话题；第二段讲述一般人和经济学家对劳动力短缺的不同理 解，不同的理解可能会导致今后的政策失误；第三段讲述在市场中，供求规律应该使发现劳动力短缺相对 简单，即当没有足够的工人时，雇主会支付更多的工资来雇佣工人，工资就会上涨。第四段进行反证，工 资快速增长并未引起劳动力短缺；第五段用出租车排队模型解释劳动力供求
48、关系不一样的情况；第六段是 总结段讲述劳动力短缺和盈余都可能在整个经济中出现，这就是为什么笼统的政策可能适得其反，必须具 体问题具体对待，和第二段主题相呼应。分析看出，文章主要讲述劳动力短缺是由市场调控的。应选D。7（2022江苏南京市第一中学高三开学考试）When Kevin Durant gave his tearful MVP speech in 2014, the NBA star made sure to thank one person who had been there with him from the very beginning: his mother. His hear
49、tfelt words about the sacrifices she made for Durant and his brother led to a lifetime movie about her journey as a single parent, The Real MVP: The Wanda Durant Story.Today, the NBA superstars mom travels the country as a motivational speaker and philanthropist （慈善家）. On Monday, she spoke at Thomson Reuters9 in New York about her personal struggles to achieve financial stab