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1、定额市鞍钢阳光实验学校语法复习十二：非谓语动 词（一）一一动词不定式动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英 语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作V + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句 中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语， 也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这 些词仍能 表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词 有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状 语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语（动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语）。非谓 语动词在英语语法
2、中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且 在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法工程中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才 能正确进行I I语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓 语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由to+动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play,动词不定 式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或 状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tenniso1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有以下时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进
3、行式完成进行式主动to buildto have builtto be buildingio have been building被动to be buildto have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：Q 作主语：To help each other is g（x）d.（动词不定式作主语时，一般 可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.0 作表语：My job is to drive them to the po
4、wer station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be +动词不定式结构有 所区别，如：Ourplan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is, 动词不定式to set up为表语，主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的 逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasan
5、ts children.我们 将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语， 主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词 不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。9 作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.； 作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等， 如:I am determined t
6、o give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语, 但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?4 作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street.如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作 宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.9动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足
7、语时，须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如：I don t think it right to do it that way.0作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him?和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及 物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on.如 果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词，习惯上可 以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.0作状语
8、：动词不定式可以作以下的状语：目的状语：Every morninghe gets up very early to read English.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用， 可在不定式前加in order to或so as to （以便或为了），但应注意in order to 位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to （so as to） improve her Engl ish. 将表示目 的的不 定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：Tomaster a foreign language,
9、 one must work hard at it. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。too +形容词或副 词+动词不定式,表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3、复合结构不定式：由for +名词（或代词宾格）+动词不定式即构成复 合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式 的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very imp
10、ortant for us to get everything ready for the harvest.当作表 语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词。f而不用for引出 不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite 等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.4、疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定 式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如：Ho
11、w to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.5、动词不定式的否认式：动词不定式的否认式是由not +动词不定式构成， 如：It s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1） 一般式：动词不定式一 般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是 在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us p
12、lay table tennis.（同时）；（2）完 成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting. （3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示 的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式 所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasn,
13、 t been decided yet.练习、非谓语动词（一）1. Can you ride a horse?, No, I never had the chanceA. for learning itD. to learn howB. for learning how C. how to learn it2. Paul said, Give me a chairA. to sitto sit on3. I ran too fast A. to noticeD. and notice4. Have you enjoyedvery sorry.A. for leavingD. with leav
14、ing5. B. sitC.where I was going.B. for me to notice your visit here?B. of leavingr 11 help you whenever you need me.me tomorrow.sit onD.C. to notice for meYes, f 11 beC. to leaveGood. Id likeA. you helping B. that you will help C. you to helpD.that you help6. I dicin t hear you come in last night.Th
15、at* s good. Wetried noisy.A. not beB. not to beC. to be notD. to not be7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is stillA. a good place which to be lived in placeC. a good place to live in place8.Why was the official meeting called?officers.B. lived as a goodD. 1 iving in as a go
16、odnewA. SelectB. SelectingC. To selectD. For selecting9. Where did he go?He went to another store,A. to buy pencilsB. for buying pencils C. buy pencilsD. buying pencils10. My baby has a heart trouble. Did the doctor find itdifficul t?A. in treatingD. to treatB. treatingC. for treating11. Did the jud
17、ge ask you many questions? Yes, andA. they were difficult to be answeredB. to answer them wasto be difficultC. they were difficult to answerI), they had difficulty12. That beggar seemsanything yesterday.18.Last summer I took (a course onA. not to have eaten B. not to eatD. to not have eaten13. The l
18、ost child desired nothing butC.home.didn,t eat19.A. how to make dressesC. how to be made dressesThe house is not large enough.B. how dresses be madeD. how dresses to be madeA. goB. to gowent 14. That box is.A. too heavy for me to carry carry itC. so heavy for me to carryC. going.D.B. too heavy for m
19、e toD. very heavy for me toD.20.).21.A. to live in for livingNobody 1 ikesA. to speak ill spoken ill ofI know himofaB. to be lived inB. to be spoken ill good football playerC. to liveof C. speaking ill while in college.ofcarry15. Would you beto do me afavour,please?hadA. to have beenbeenB. to beC.wa
20、sI).A. so kind as. B. too kindD. enough kind16. To learn to speak English well,.A. much practice is needed practiceC. much practice is needed by one practice17. Tom kept quiet about the accidentC. as kind asB. one needs muchD. one is needed much lose his job.22. I was surprisedA. watching him to ( q
21、uicklyC. watching him cat quickly23. Mr. White was seenA. enterI), to enteringeat so quicklyso quicklythe PalaceB. to enterMuseum.B. watch him eat soD. to watch him eat soC. enteredA. so not as toB. soas nottoC. so as to not24.I saw Mary thehouse.in answeringD. not so as toB. to open the door andD.
22、open the door andA. open the door and go into to go intoC. open the door and to go into went into 25. Paul does nothing but all day 1 ong.A. playB. to playC. playingD.played30.26.Now we could not do anything but for him here.C. to waitD.A. waitedB. waitingwait27. I dont know her and T don, t.A. want
23、B. want toto want28. Go to the theatre with me, willC. want itD.you?I should liketo29.I)., but I dontA. togo toTo play fair isA. to play well playing wcl1have time.B. tooas important asB. play wellC. to doC. we play wellI).It is the greatest happiness on earthB. to love and beingA. loving and to be
24、lovedlovedlovedC. to love and to be lovedD. love and be1 ovedIt,32.in33.is better tolove thanA. That, to be lovedB. That, be lovedC. It, be lovedD.to be 1ovedIts very foolishA. for you to sayyour sayingItA.costit?B. of you to sayC. with you sayingI).me two hours to find your newB. tookhouse.C. spent
25、D.usedWe did not expect our offer so quickly.A. rejectedB. to reject . C. to be rejectedD. rejecting34. He told her there at once.A. getB. getsC. should getD. to get35. We all think it most foolish this mistake.D.A. for you making B. of you to make C. you to make for you to makeI really don，t know.A. to swimB. how to swimC. to swim howD. how swimWhat do you think about English? It* s a difficultlanguage.A. speakingB. to be spoken C. to speakD.spoken