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1、实用文档目录Unitl Text A Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life 1Unitl Text B American Family Life: The Changing Picture4Unit2 Text A The Freedom Givers10Unit3 Text A The Land of the Lock14Unit3 Text B Why I Bought A Gun16Unit4 Text A Was Einstein a Space Alien? 21Unit5 Text A Writing Three Thank-You Letters 2
2、5Unit6 Text A The Last Leaf28Unit7 Text A Life of a Salesman33Unit7 Text B Bricklayers Boy 41Unit8 Text A Human Cloning: A Scientist1 s Story47Unit8 Text B Second Thoughts on Cloning50Unitl Text A Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life多尔蒂先生创立自己的理想生活吉姆多尔蒂Jim Doherty1 There are two things I have always wan
3、ted to do write and live on a farm.Today Im doing both. I am not in E. B. Whites class as a writer or in my neighbors实用文档then moves to the living room. There everyone spends the evening playing Scrabble or watching TV.全家人沉着地吃完饭后 妈妈就刷洗碗碟。反正这是她的活。接着全家人聚在起居室。一个 晚上大家玩玩牌看看电视。4 Then everyone is off to bed
4、. And the next morning Dad and the kids wake up to the sounds and smells ofMom preparing pancakes and sausages for breakfast.随后各自上床睡觉。第二天早上 爸爸和孩子门在妈妈准备早餐发出的声响和薄饼、香肠散 发的香味中醒来。5 (1) What? You say that doesnt sound like life in your house? Well, youre not alone. In fact, youre probablyin the majority.什
5、么 你说那听起来不像你府上的生活 其实 不仅仅是你一个人这么 想。事实上大多数人很可能都跟你一样这么想的。6 At one time in America, the above household might have been typical. You can still visit such a home - ontelevision. Just watch reruns of old situation comedies. (2) Leave it to Beaver, forexample, shows Mom doinghousework in pearls and high hee
6、ls. Dad keeps his suit and tie on all weekend. But the families that operate like实用文档在原子弹造出之前，奥本海默说：当你看到某个技术上美妙的东西 时，你就毫不犹豫地去实现它J原子弹投在长崎、广岛之后，他在1947 年发表的一那么令人毛骨悚然的演说中指出：物理学家们已经尝到过罪孽 的滋味，这种滋味他们无法忘记。”如同原子弹一样，克隆技术带来的威胁与希望是复杂的、多层面的。 它提供了改善生活、拯救生命的真正科学进步的可能性。在医学上，科学 家梦想着运用克隆技术改编细胞的编码指令程序，这样我们就可以制造出 我们自己身
7、体的某些局部进行移植。比方说，假定你需要进行骨髓移植。 如果医生摧毁你自身的骨髓，用他人的健康骨髓来取代，某些致命的白血 病就能得到彻底的医治。但骨髓的基因类型必须与你自己的相匹配。不然 的话，：移植的骨髓就会向你发起进攻，置你于死地。骨髓是免疫系统的 白细胞的来源。如果你获得-SU人的骨髓，你就会造出别人的白细胞。如 果这些白细胞认定你与它们不同，它们就会发起进攻。不过，可以有别的方法。假定科学家能够用你自身的某个细胞 任可个细胞将它与人的卵细胞融合。卵细胞开始分裂，生长，但你 可以控制它，只让它分裂假设干次。技术人员将它置于蛋白质当中，指令原 始细胞，即胚胎细胞，长成骨髓细胞。开始时本可以
8、克隆你的东西却可以 长成你的一组骨髓与你完美相配的骨髓。更为困难，但并非不可思议的，是以同样的方法长成完整的器官， 如肾脏或肝脏。另一种可能性是生成器官与人类基因完全吻合的动物。如果你需要 肝脏，肾脏，甚至心脏，你或许能从一头特别设计的克隆猪身上获得。科学家称克隆技术蕴藏着无穷的可能性，因此，有人争辩说，我们 不应该喋喋不休地谈论种种假设的恐惧，而去想一想克隆技术能够带来的 裨益。Unit8 Text B Second Thoughts on Cloning关于克隆的再思考Laurence H. Tri be劳伦斯H 特赖布1 Some years ago, long before human
9、 cloning became a near-term prospect, I was实用文档among those who urgedthat human cloning be assessed not simply in terms of concrete costs and benefits, but in terms of what thetechnology might do to the very meaning of human reproduction, child rearingand individuality. I leaned towardprohibition as
10、the safest course.几年前在克隆人还远未成为一种近期前景的时候我和一些人一起极力主张对人类克隆的评判不仅仅要考虑到具体的代价与裨益而且要考虑到这一技术将会对人类繁殖、孩子的抚养以 及对人的个性的真实意义会带来什么影响。我倾向于禁止克隆人认为此乃最为安全可靠的方针。2 (1) Today, with the prospect of a renewed push for sweeping prohibition ratherthan mere regulation, I aminclined to say, Not so fast.时至今日眼看着新一轮要求对克隆人全面禁止而非简单规
11、范的呼声即将再起我倒想说慢一点来。”3 When scientists announced in February that they had created a clone of an adult sheep - a geneticallyidentical copy named Dolly, created in the laboratory from a single cell of theparent fierce debate arose over the pros and cons of trying to clone a human being.实用文档当科学家于2月宣布他们缔造
12、了一头由成年羊克隆而成的克隆羊一这头羊名叫多利 是从其母体”的一个单细胞在实验室里缔造的基因完全一样的复制品一时对克隆人的利弊掀起了一 场激烈的争论。4 People spoke of the plight of infertile couples; the grief of someone who has lost a child whose biologicalrebirth might offer comfort; the prospect of using cloning to generate donors fortissues and organs; thepossibility
13、of creating genetically enhanced clones with a particular talent or a resistance to some dread disease.有人说到不育夫妇的苦境说到人们失子之悲哀而生物再生可能给他们带来抚慰说到 利用克隆技术产生组织与器官捐赠人的可能性说到缔造强化基因克隆人的可能性这些人可以拥有某种特别的才能或能抵御某些凶疾的能力。5 But others saw a nightmarish and decidedly unnatural interference with human reproduction. Califo
14、rniaenacted a ban on human cloning, and the Presidents National Bioethics AdvisoryCommission recommendedmaking the ban nationwide.而有人那么看到了对人类繁殖的可怕的完全违背自然的干与。加利福尼亚实用文档州通过了克隆人禁止令而总统的全国生物伦理顾问委员会那么建议将这一禁令推向全国。6 That initial debate has cooled, however, and many in the scientific field now seem to be wond
15、ering what allthe fuss was about.然而最初的论争渐渐平息科学界不少人现在似乎惊讶当初那么大惊小怪是为哪般。7 They are asking whether human cloning isnt just a small step beyond what we are already doing withartificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, fertility enhancing drugs and genetic manipulation. That casualattitude is sure to
16、 give way before long to yet another wave of prohibitionistoutrage a wave that I no longer feelcomfortable riding.他们问道 克隆人技术不就是比我们已经在做的人工授精、试管婴儿、增强授精药物、基因 控制等往前再走了一小步吗这种不以为然的态度不用多久肯定会让位于另一波禁止主义的狂潮 一本人对这波狂潮深感不安无意做个弄潮儿。8 I certainly dont subscribe to the view that whatever technology permits us to do
17、we ought to do. Nor do Isubscribe to the view that the Constitution necessarily guarantees every individualthe right to reproduce through whatever means become technically possible.实用文档我当然不赞同那种认为只要技术能办到的我们什么都该做的观点。我也不赞同那种认为宪法一定要保障每一个人有通过任何可能的科技手段进行繁殖的权利。9 Rather, my concern is that the very decision
18、 to use the law to condemn, and then outlaw, patterns of humanreproduction - especially by appealing to vague notions of what is natural - is at least as dangerous as thetechnologies such a decision might be used to control.相反我的担忧是用法律的手段谴责并进而禁止人类某些繁殖模式的决定本身一尤其是 藉助于什么是自然这一模糊观念一是危险的 其危险性不亚于这种决定可能用去控制的
19、那些技 术。10 Human cloning has been condemned by some of its most articulate opponents as the ultimate embodimentof the sexual revolution, separating sex from the creation of babies and treatinggender and sexuality as sociallyconstructed.克隆人被某些最雄辩的反对者谴责为性革命的最极端的表现一即把性与生育孩子相别离 把性别与性行为视为一种社会概念。11 But to b
20、an cloning as furthering what some see as culturally distressing trends may, in the end, lend实用文档support to strikingly similar objections to surrogate motherhood.然而认为克隆技术会促进某些人所认为的文化上令人忧虑的倾向而加以禁止最终可能会 导致反对代孕的呼声得以增强而这种反对与对克隆人的反对又是何等惊人的相似。12 Equally scary, when appeals to the natural, or to religious
21、laws, lead to the criminalization of some methodfor creating human babies, we must come to terms with the inevitable: the prohibition will not be airtight.同样可怕的是当诉诸自然的或宗教的法那么导致追究某些生育方式的刑事责任时我们 就必须面对一种必然的局面这种禁止不可能做到滴水不漏。13 (2) Just as was true of bans on abortion and on sex outside marriage, bans on
22、human cloning are bound tobe hard to enforce. And that, in turn, requires us to think in terms of a class of potential outcasts people whosevery existence society will have chosen to label as a misfortune and, in essence, to condemn.就像禁止人工流产和婚外性行为一样禁止克隆人肯定难以实施。而这一情况反过来要求我 们考虑一个可能产生的社会弃儿阶层那些社会将其存在视为不
23、幸并实质上加以谴责的人们。14 One need only think of the long struggle to overcome the stigma of illegitimacy for the children of实用文档unmarried parents. (3) How much worse might be the plight of being judgedmorally incomplete by virtue of onesman-made origin?人们只要想一想为了消除非婚生孩子的不法”污名所进行的长期努力就会明白。由于一个 人的人工出生而被判为道德欠缺的苦
24、境将是何等难熬15 There are some black markets (in drugs, for instance) that may be worth risking when the evils oflegalization would be even worse. But when what we prohibit takes the form ofhuman beings, the stakes becomeenormous.当合法化的弊端更为严重得多的情况下我们可以冒点风险允许有些黑市例如毒品 存在。可是当我们所要禁止的是人的时候这个风险就会变得非常巨大。16 There
25、are few evils as grave as that of creating a caste system, one in which an entire category of persons,while perhaps not labeled untouchable, is treated as not fully human.人为制造一种等级制度其中整整一类人即使未必标上贱民二字却被当成不完整的人 加以4e还有什么弊端比这更为严重呢17 And even if one could enforce a ban on cloning, or at least insure that
26、clones would not be a mistreated实用文档caste, the social costs of prohibition could still be high. For the argumentssupporting a rigid prohibition ofcloning are most likely to rest on, and reinforce, the notion that it is unnatural andwrong to cut the conventionallinks between marriage and the creation
27、 and upbringing of new life.而即使能对克隆技术实施禁止或至少确保克隆人不是遭受歧视的等级禁止的社会代价仍将是巨大的。因为支持严令禁止克隆人的论点极有可能基于并强化一个观点即割断通常的传统 上神圣的异性结合与新生命的缔造与养育之间的联系是违背自然的和错误的。18 Moreover, a society that bans acts of human creation for no better reason than that their particular formdefies nature and tradition is a society that risk
28、s cutting itself off from vitalexperimentation, thus losing asignificant part of its capacity to grow. (4) If human cloning is to be banned, then, the reasons had better be farmore compelling than any thus far advanced.而且一个社会仅仅由于某一特定的创造人类生命的方式与自然及传统相杵就禁止这种行 为那么这个社会就有可能中断必要的实验从而丧失其相当一局部开展能力。因此如果要禁止克
29、隆人其理由 应比任何已经提出的更为充分迫切得多才成。_实用文档Beaver Cleavers are fewer and fewer. Theyre disappearing because three parts of our lives have changed: the waywe work, the way we eat, and the way we entertain ourselves. Becoming aware of the effects of those changesmay help us improve family life.上面描述的家庭可以说在美国曾一度相当典
30、型。如今你仍能见到这样的家庭一不过得在电视 里。只要看一看那些重播的情景剧老片子。例如交给比弗吧一剧中妈妈带着珍珠项链、穿 着高跟鞋做家务。爸爸整个周末都穿着西装戴着领带。但像比弗克立弗那样的家庭越来越少了。那样 的家庭正在消失因为我们生活中的三个局部发生了变化我们的工作方式餐饮方式以及娱乐方式。了 解这些变化所带来的影响也许有助于我们改善家庭生活。7 Lets look first at the changes in the way we work. Today the words Hi, honey! Im home! might not bespoken by dear old Dad.
31、 Dear old Mom is just as likely to be saying them. A generation ago, most householdscould get along on one paycheck Dads. Mom stayed home, at least until the children started school. But today,over half the mothers with young children go to work. An even greater percentage of mothers of older childr
32、en are实用文档in the workforce. And the number of single-parent homes has mushroomed in the last thirty years.我们先来看一下我们工作方式的变化。今天嗨亲爱的我回家了 ”这句话可能不是 出自亲爱的老爸之口。亲爱的老妈也同样可能说这句话。在上一代大多数家庭可以靠一份工资一 爸爸的工资一维持。妈妈呆在家里至少在孩子上学前是如此。但今天一半以上有幼儿的母亲外出工作。 在职人员中有大孩子的母亲的比例更高。而单亲家庭的数量在过去30年中急剧增长。8 These changes in work have a
33、ffected children as well as parents. When only Dad went out to work, childrencame home from school to Mom. (In TV situation comedies, they came home toMom and home-baked cookies)Today, well find them at an after-school program or a neighbors house. Or they may come home to no one at all.In every com
34、munity, children are caring for themselves until their parents return from work. Are these childrenmissing out on an important part of childhood? Or are they developing a healthy sense of self-reliance? These arequestions that Mrs. Cleaver never had to deal with.工作方面的这些变化影响着家长以及孩子。当父亲一人外出上班时孩子们放学回家有
35、妈妈 在。在实用文档情景电视剧里 他们回家有妈妈在 还有家里做的饼干 如今 我们会在晚托班或邻居家 里见到他们。要不他们就回到空无一人的家。在各社区 孩不门都自己照管自己 直到父母下班回家。这些 孩子会不会失去童年时期本应有的一些重要的东西 还是会因此培养起一种健康的自立意识 这些问题 是克立弗太太过去从来不用操心的。9 In addition, Dad and now Mom are often gone from home longer than ever. Not too long ago, most menworked close to home. The office or fact
36、ory was just downtown. Dad often walked to work or hitched a ride witha friendly neighbor. But no more.此外爸爸如今还有妈妈在外的时间常常比以往任何时候都长。不多久前大多数男人 还就近工作。办公室或者工厂就在市区。爸爸经常走着去上班 或者顺路搭友好邻居的车。但现在 不一样了。10 Todays working men and women are commuters. They travel distances to work that would have madetheir parents
37、gasp. Commutes of forty-five minutes or an hour are common.Workers travel on buses, subways,and crowded highways. Many leave their suburban homes at dawn and dont return until dark. No running home实用文档for lunch for todays commuter.今天的上班男女都是坐车来回的。他们上班距离之远会让他们的父母惊讶得倒抽一口凉气。 45分钟或1小时的车程是常见的。上班族坐公共汽车、地铁或
38、开车行驶在交通拥挤的公路上。 不少人一清早就离开位于郊区的家一直要到天黑了才回来。今天的通勤族不再赶回家吃午饭。11 And speaking of lunch, theres been a second big change in American family life. If both parents are awayfrom home for long hours, whos whipping up those delicious meals in the kitchen? The answer, more and more, is nobody.说起午饭那正是美国家庭生活的第二大变化
39、。要是父母都长时间不在家那谁在厨房里忙 着准备美味的菜肴呢越来越多听到的回答是没有人做饭。12 These days, few people have time to shop for and prepare home-style meals. The Cleavers were used todinners of pot roast or chicken. Potatoes, salad, and vegetables went with the main course, with pie or cake fordessert. But this kind of meal takes sev
40、eral hours to fix. People cant spend hours in the kitchen if they get home at 5:30.如今 很少人有时间采购、烹制家常”饭菜。克立弗一家常常吃炖肉或炖鸡 除主菜外还实用文档有土豆、色拉、疏菜甜食是馅饼或蛋糕。但烧这种饭菜要花几个小时。要是人们5 30才回到家 就无法在厨房里呆上几个小时。13 So what do working families eat? They choose meals that are easy to prepare or are already prepared. Fastfood, ta
41、keout, and heat-and-serve dishes make up much of the modern Americandiet. Dad may arrive home witha bag of Big Macs and shakes. Mom may phone out for Chinese food or ask thelocal pizza parlor to deliver. Andmore and more people rely on microwaves to thaw frozen food in minutes.那么双职工家庭吃什么呢他们选择容易烹制或已经
42、烹制好的食品。快餐外卖食物加热 即食的菜肴构成了当今美国食谱的很大一局部。爸爸可能带回家一大包巨无霸汉堡包和饮料。妈 妈可能 定购中国菜或让附近的比萨店外送。越来越多的人依赖微波炉在几分钟内把冷冻食品解冻。14 One consequence of these quickly prepared meals is that families spend lesstime dining together. Andclassic fast foods, like hamburgers and fries, are meant to be eaten on the run, not slowly en
43、joyed at the dinnertable. The modern family no longer shares the evening meal. As a result, it no longer shares the days news. or实用文档the feeling of togetherness.这些烹制简易的菜肴造成的后果之一是一家人一起坐下吃饭的时间少了。传统的快餐如 汉堡包炸薯条是让人匆匆忙忙吃的而不是坐在餐桌旁慢慢享用的。现代家庭不再一起享用晚餐。 其结果是大家不再相互交流一天的事也感觉不到合家团聚的气氛。15 Finally, what about after
44、 dinner? Is the family evening at least something the Cleavers could relate to?最后一点晚饭之后又如何晚上的家居生活总该跟克立弗家多少有几分相似了吧Not a chance.没有丝毫相似之处。16 We dont have to look outside the home to see the changes. The modernAmerican family entertains itselfin ways the Cleavers would never have dreamed of.我们不必走出家门去看有什
45、么变化。当今美国家庭的娱乐方式是克立弗家无从想像的。17 Thirty years ago, families gathered around a radio each evening. Later, television took over. Most familieshad just one set, which they watched together. Today, television and computers bring a dizzying array ofentertainment into the home. Cable television provides every
46、thing from aerobicsclasses to Shakespeare. VCRs expand the choices even more. (3) If theres nothing good on network TV or cable,实用文档the video store offers the bestand worst of Hollywood: recent movies, cartoons, adult films, exercise programs, travel, sports, how-to tapes.Computer games, which make
47、viewers part of the action, also provide excitement.Players can compete in theOlympics, search out aliens, or wipe out entire civilizations on their little screens.三十年前 家家户户每天晚上围坐着听收音机。后来电视机取而代之。大多数家庭只有一台 电视机全家人一起收看。如今 电视机和电脑将多得令人眩目的娱乐活动带入家庭。有线电视播出 的节目从有氧操到莎士比亚戏剧无所不有。录像机更是扩大了选择性。要是网络电视或有线电视没有中意 的节目录
48、像制品商店可提供好莱坞制作的品质迥异的各种节目新近发行的电影、动画片、“成人电影、 体育锻炼节目、旅游、体育以及入门指南录像带。让收看人参与其间的电脑游戏也提供了相当的刺激。 游戏者能在奥运会上施展身手寻找外星人或者在小小的屏幕上摧毁整个文明国家。18 With all these choices, it makes sense to own more than one television set. The two-or-more-TV familyused to be rare. (4) Nowadays, Dad might want to rent an action movie when Moms cable shopping service is on.Or Junior is playing a lets-blow-up-Saturn video game while Sis wants to see The实用文档Simpsons. Why not invest inseveral sets? Then each family member can enjoy him