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1、 .-语法语法 1 1 在语文中在语文中 成分成分：基本成分基本成分主谓宾 +附加成分附加成分定状补主语：是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物，是句子叙述的主体。由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。谓语：是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。宾语：宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。定语：用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征围等情况的词叫做定语.由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词
2、的前面。如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。状语：说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语是置于谓语中心或句子前，以修饰、限定谓语中心或句子的句法成分。在句法分析中，状语以标示，与其相应的谓语动词、谓语形容词以标示。由副词,短语以及从句来担任。补语：补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。补语多用形容词、数量词、趋向动词、介宾结构来担任，各种关系的词组也常作补语。补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系,是补充说明动词或形容词性中心语的，可以回答“怎么样”、“多少次”、“何处”、“何时”、“什么结果”等
3、 .可修编-.-问题。补语都放在中心语后头，除了趋向动词、数量词、介宾结构和一部分形容词可以直接作补语外。句子句子：汉语中一个完整的句子，其句子成分的排列顺序如下：（定语）主语（定语）主语+（状语）谓语（补语）（状语）谓语（补语）+（定语）宾语（补语）（定语）宾语（补语）分析:由这个顺序可以看到，定语是在名词或名词性短语（成分主要是主语和宾语）前对其进行修饰和限制的成分，状语是在谓语（包括动词和动词性短语及形容词和形容词性短语）前对其修饰和限制的成分。例：1 定语：我的书美丽的花（以上两个句子中“我”和“美丽”是定语。）2 状语：狠狠地打多么地美丽（以上两个句子中“狠狠”和“多么”是状语）从形
4、式上看，定语和中心词之间用“的”字，状语和中心词之间用“地”字，这是标志。口诀口诀：主谓宾、定状补，主干枝叶分清楚。定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。在英语中在英语中 成分成分：主要成分主要成分主语和谓语+次要成分次要成分表语宾语定语状语补足语同位语插入语主语 a 意义：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事 b 充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子谓语 a 意义：说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样 b 充当词类：动词或动词词组宾语 a 意义：表示动作行为的对象 b 充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子 .可修编-.-表语 a 意义：与联系动词连用，一起
5、构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征 b 充当词类：名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子定语 a 意义：用来修饰名词或代词 b 充当词类：形，代，数，名，副，介词短语或句子状语 a 意义：修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等。b 充当词类：副词，介词短语或句子宾语补足语 a 意义：逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系 b 充当词类：形容词，名词，介词，短语等成分详解成分详解：（一）（一）主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构，疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语，助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名
6、词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1，during the 1990s American country music has bee more and more popular.2，we often speak English in class 3，one-third of the students in the class are girls.4，to swim in the river is a great pleasure.5，smoking does harm to the health 6,the rich should help the poor
7、.7,when we are having an English test has not been decided.8,it is necessary to master a foreign language.（二）（二）谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。.可修编-.-动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语构成：a 简单谓语 b 复合谓语a 简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：he practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten o clock.b 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成例如：you m
8、ay keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形，现在分词，过去分词构成例如：do you speak English?They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.(3)由系动词加表语构成例如：we are students.注：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（三）（三）表语表语用以说明主语的性质，特征，状态，与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,bee,get,look,grow,turn,seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词，代词，形容词，数词，副词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语及表语从句
9、。例如：1，our teacher of English is an American.2,is it yours?3,the weather has turned cold.4,the speech is exciting.5,three times seven is twenty one.6,his hobby is playing football.7,his job is to teach English.可修编-.-8,the meeting is of great important.9,time is up.the class is over.10,the truth is th
10、at he has never been abroad.注意：系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。（1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be 一词。例如：He is a teacher.(2)持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 Keep remain stay lie stand.例如：he always kept silent at meeting.(3)表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，只要有 Seem appear look He seems(to be)very sad.(4)感官系动词：主要有 Feel smell sound
11、taste 例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft.(5)变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有 Bee grow turn fall get go e run例如：the river was beginning to run dry.(6)终止系动词：表示主语已经终止动作，只要有 Prove,turn out ,表示“结果是；证明是”之意例如：the rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.(四四)宾语宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1，they went to s
12、ee an exhibition yesterday.2，the heavy rain prevented me from ing to school on time.3，how many dictionaries do you have?I have five.可修编-.-4，they helped the old with their housework yesterday.5，he pretended not to see me.6，i enjoy listening to popular music.7，i think(that)he is fit for his office.宾语的
13、种类：a双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）b 复合宾语（宾语+宾补）a双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.TO:write tell pass give send promise show hand read tell Bring throw等。例如：he sent the novel to William yesterday.FOR:leave buy build choose cook draw find get order post Save等。例如：she bought a gift for her mother.b 复合宾语（宾语
14、+宾补）例如：they elected him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语Ask agree care choose demand dare decide expectFail help hope learn manage offer plan prepare pretendPromise refuse want wish desire等。例如：he refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 .可修编-.-Admit avoid advise consider enjoy excuse escape finishImagin
15、e mind practice suggest 等。例如：john has admitted breaking the window.下列动词既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词做宾语，但意义不同如：try remember forget regret mean 等。例如：forget to do 表示“未发生的动作“Forget doing 表示“已完成的动作“Dont forget to e here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)（五）宾语补足语（五）宾语补足语宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作
16、，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：Tell let help teach ask see have order make 等。“宾补“一般可由名词，形容词，副词，不定式，分词，介词短语和从句充当。例如：1，his father named him dong Ming.2，They painted their boat white.3，let the fresh air in.4，you mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5，we saw her entering the room.6，we found
17、everything in the lab in good order.7，we will soon make our city what your city is now.（七）定语（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词，短语或从句称为定语 .可修编-.-定语可以由以下等成分表示：1，GuiLin is a beautiful city.2，china is a developing country.American is a developed country.3，there are thirty women teachers in our school.4，his rapid progress i
18、n English made us surprised.5，the teaching plan for next term has been worked out.6，our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom 7，he is reading an article about how to learn English.8，farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.（八）状语（八）状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫
19、做状语。可由以下形式表示：1，light travels most quickly.2，he has lived in the city for ten years.3，he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.4，he is in the room making a model plane.5，wait a minute.6，once you begin,you must continue.10 状语种类如下：1.How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)2.Las
20、t night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语)4.Mr smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)6.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语).可修编-.-7.He was so tired that he fell asle
21、ep immediately.(结果状语)8.She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)9.I am taller than he is.(比较状语)10.in order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.(目的状语)（九）同位语（九）同位语对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词，数词，代词或从句担任例如：this is mr.zhou,our headmaster.(十十)插入语插入语对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有 To be honest,I think (suppose,believe.)等。例如:To be frank ,I dont quite agree with you.可修编-